SmartBridges sB3416-03 manual

Copy ri ght © s m a rtBri dges Pt e Ltd. A l l Rights Reserv ed. u n w i r i n g o u r w o r l d TM airClien t™ TOTAL 551 Series sB3416-01 / sB3416-02 / sB3416-03 User Guide Version 1.0[...]

Page 2 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide CONTENTS ABOUT THIS DOCUMENT .......................................................................................................... 4 Overview of User Guide ...................................................................................................... 4 Rela[...]

Page 3 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 5.8. F IRMWAR E U PGRADE .................................................................................................... 65 5.9. P RODUCT L ICENSE K EY ............. ................................................................................... 67 5.10. L INK [...]

Page 4 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Congratulations on your pu rchase of sB product Your airClient™ TOTAL 551 unit is designed so that you ca n set it up easily and be on your way to get unwired. Important: Read all user instructions carefully before you use your device. About This Document This user gu[...]

Page 5 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Chapter 5: • The site survey tool • The s ystem configuratio n tools • Backup/restore features • Firmware upgrade steps • Using the License Key feature for bandwidth upgrade on the unit. The abbreviations and acronyms used in this u ser guide are explained in [...]

Page 6 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 1. Introduction This user manual will guide you through initial site prepar ation, installati on, configuration, and troubleshooting of the airClient TOTAL 551 [sB3416] unit. A w eb-based management tool is p rovided to assist you to configure the airClient TOTAL unit f[...]

Page 7 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 1.2. Checklists Deployment time, link-up time and support time can be improved by adopting proper site survey analysis, link planning, pre-insta llation tests, and web-GUI familiarization. The follow ing pre-installation and post-installatio n checklist attempt s to giv[...]

Page 8 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 16 Antenna Polarizati on Horizontal/Ver tical Horizontal - deg 17 Beam width of antenna Vertical - deg No Para met ers Units Site A Site B 18 Length of e xternal cable connecting Radio a nd antenna Feet/m eters 19 Fade Margin ta ken into account for link budgeti ng Idea[...]

Page 9 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Name: Email: Date : Post-Installation Checkli st for airClient TOTAL Organization Name/Site Name Addr ess City State Zip Code Telephone N umber General Configuration Informat ion No Parameters Units Site A Site B sB3416-01 / sB3416-02 : Router / NA T 1 Radio oper ation [...]

Page 10 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Chec klist No Parameters Units Site A Site B 1 Chec k the crimpin g of the Et hernet ca ble at both the ends Yes /N o 2 Check the p roper g ro und ing of th e ant e nn a and equipment Yes /N o 3 Ensure that there are no ext reme bends or kinks in the ca ble Yes /N o 4 [...]

Page 11 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 2. airClient TO T AL Configuration The airClient TOTAL sB3416-01 and sB3416-02 can w ork in either Router or NAT mode. The airClient TOTAL sB3416-03 can work in one of the three modes: Bridge, Router or NAT. The procedures for configuring the various parameters in each[...]

Page 12 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 2-2 airClient TOTAL Lice nse Agreement Page[...]

Page 13 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 2-3 airClient TOTAL Summary Information Page[...]

Page 14 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide The descriptions of the fields in the Summary Information page ar e provi ded i n the t able (Ta ble 2-1 ) below: Table 2-1 Description of the field item s in the ‘Summary Information’ page Field Items on Summary Info page Descriptions LAN IP Mode Set to Static I P[...]

Page 15 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 2.2. Web GUI Administrator Us er Name and P assword Change The default administrator user name for th e airClient TOTAL 3416 is adminis trator and administ rator password is smartBridges (please n ote that this is case sen sitive). Follow the steps below to change th e[...]

Page 16 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 2.3. Using the Conf iguration Pages The airClie nt TOTAL co nfiguration system co mprises sever al pag es for config uring each paramete r. A common navigation menu bar is provided at the top of each page for easy na vigation as shown in the figure below (Figure 2-5). [...]

Page 17 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Menu Item Menu Sub-items Description Wireless Statisti cs Displays traffic s tatistics on the Wirele ss side Ass ociat ion St atus Shows the status of the association and the MA C of th e AP ass o c i at ed wi t h. Sho ws the Link Status Gr aph for t he associated link[...]

Page 18 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Menu Item Menu Sub-items Description Note : By default, the Security mode is Disabled. AES sec urity mod e is only ava ilable in 3416-03 model . System Configuration Allows user to sw itch the operation mode between Bridge (sB3416 -03 Only), Router o r NAT mode . Allow[...]

Page 19 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Menu Item Menu Sub-items Description Technical Support Information on Technical Support User Guide – Online Link to online user guide Product Registration and Feedback Allo ws user t o regis ter prod uct and provide feedback or suggestions. Check for Update s Ch ecks[...]

Page 20 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 2.4. Device Mode Configuration The device operational mode is displayed a t the top right hand corner of each page. The de vice mode configuration allows the user to con figure the airClient TOTAL to a NAT (Network Add ress Translation) mode or Router mode for 3416 -01[...]

Page 21 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 2.5. Changing from NAT to Router Mode The default configuration of the airClient TOTAL is in the NAT mode. Follow the steps below to change th e airClient TOTAL from the default NAT mode to Router mode: 1. From the navigation menu bar, click on Tools | System Configura[...]

Page 22 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 2.6. Changing from Ro uter to NAT Mode Follow the steps below to change the airClient TOTAL from Router Mode to NAT Mode : 1. From the navigation me nu bar, click on Tools | System Configura tion . The System Configuration screen will appear as shown below. 2. Un der t[...]

Page 23 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 2. Un der the Current Operational Mode settings, choose Bridge option. (N ote: IP Mux Enable/Disable options can be left as defau lt fo r now. More on this will be covered in Bri dge Mode Configuration, covered in Section 2-9). 3. Click on Save to conver t the unit to [...]

Page 24 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 2-10 Changing Br idge Mode to Router (or NAT) Mode ( sB3416-03 Only)[...]

Page 25 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 2.9. airClient TOTAL Bridge Configuration (sB 3416-03 only) This section is only valid for the sB3416-03 model. The sB3416-03 can be configured in both WDS a nd non-WDS modes, while in Bridge Mode. In WDS mode, 3416 functions as a transparent bridge. In non-WDS client [...]

Page 26 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 2-11 airClient TOTAL WDS Bridge M ode Configuration (sB34 16-03 Only) LAN Settings This section outlines the procedures for changing the IP settings for bridge mode – 1. From the navigation men u bar, click on Home | LAN Settings to change IP address and mask [...]

Page 27 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Radio Settings Follow the steps below to configure the Radio parameters in the airClient TOTAL Bridge Mode, spec ific ally f or WDS op er ati ng mode : 1. From the navi gation menu bar, click on Radio | Wire less Settings to set the radio pa rameters. The Wireless Sett[...]

Page 28 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 2-13 airClient TOTAL Bridge Rad io Settings – WDS Bridge mode (sB3416-03 Only) Figure 2-14a airClient TOTAL Su mmary Information Page Figure 2-14b airClient TOTAL Wireless Association Status[...]

Page 29 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 2.9. 2. Client Bridge Mode (Non-WDS) The sB3416-03 can also be configured to operate in the non-WDS Bridge Mode. It is said to be operating in the Client Bridge mode in this configuration. Th e airClient TOTAL can associate with any Access Point in this bridge mode. Th[...]

Page 30 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide LAN Settings This section outlines the procedures for changing the IP setting s for bridge mode. These settings are the same in all possible bridge modes – 1. From the navigation men u bar, click on Home | LAN Settings to change IP address and mask of the unit in bri[...]

Page 31 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 9. Set the Defa ult Dat a Rate to s e t the data rate for transmitting beacons, broadcast and multicast traffic. By defau lt, th is rate is set to 1 Mbps . 10. Select the Tra ns mit p owe r of the ra dio fr om the dr op down menu. 11. Select the Preamble to be Long or [...]

Page 32 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Transparent Bridging (Single MAC Only) This configuration supports single device connection behind the airClient TOTAL sB3416-03 unit. System Configuration Follow the steps below to configure the sB3416-03 unit for Transparent Brid ging – 1. From the navigation menu [...]

Page 33 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 3. Enter the IP address and Subnet mask to set the IP ad dress an d subnet mask, and an y Gatew ay Add ress if required. Assign the unit a unique IP Address in the d esignated IP subnet. 4. Click on Save to save the cha nges. The settings w ill be applied after the reb[...]

Page 34 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 2-20 airClient TOTAL Bridge Radio Settings – Transparent bridging (sB3416-03 Only) Note : In Tr anspare nt bri dging c onfig uratio n, whe n airCli ent T OTAL is associ ated, th e MAC ad dress seen on the AP Association table, will be the MAC address of the de[...]

Page 35 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 2.10. airClient TOTAL Rout er / NAT Configuration This section covers the procedures for configuring v arious parameters in the Router and NAT modes. 2.10.1. LAN Settings The LAN and the WLAN settings are ma intained in two different subnets. Follo w the st eps bel ow [...]

Page 36 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 2.10.2. WLAN Settings The wi reless parame ters ne ed to be co nfigur ed to all ow the ai rClie nt TOTAL u nit to ass ociat e with an airPoint™ Nexus device or any other third party wireless access point. Follo w the st eps belo w to conf igure t he airCli ent T OTAL[...]

Page 37 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 2.23 airClient TOTAL Router/NAT WLAN Se ttings – Dynamic WLAN Connection For the airClie nt TOTAL d evice to a ssociate with an access point, th e user also ne eds to configure the access point’s SSID, security (if used), and select External/Internal antenna[...]

Page 38 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Follo w the st eps bel ow to conf igur e the air Client TOTAL Ro uter/N AT Mode wireles s ass ociat ion parameters: 1. From the navigation menu bar, click on Radio | Wireless Sett ings to set the S SID and w ireless mode (802.11 a). The Wireless Set tings screen will b[...]

Page 39 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 2-24 airClient TOTAL Route r Wireless Settings Figure 2-25a airClient TOTAL Su mmary Information page Figure 2-25b airClient TOTA L Wireless Associat ion Status[...]

Page 40 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 2-25c airClient TOTAL Association Sta tus Graph Noise Floor is the measurement of the signal created from the sum of all the no ise sources and unwanted sign a ls wit hin a m easur ement s ystem . Note : If the Status Graph window does not appear, click on the J[...]

Page 41 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 2.10.3. DHCP Configurations The airClient TOTAL unit can be used as a DHCP server. DHCP ( Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) allows a host to be a utomatically assigned a n ew IP address out of a pool of preconfig ured IP addresses for the network. This feature will [...]

Page 42 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 2-26 airClient TOTAL DHCP Server Configurations Figure 2-27 airClient TOTAL DHCP List Follow the steps below to disable the airClient TOTAL Rout er/NAT DHCP server : 1. From the Navigation menu bar, click on Networking | DHCP Server to acce ss the DHCP conf igur[...]

Page 43 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 3. Click on Save to save the settings. The settings will be applied after the Reboot. Figure 2-28 D isable DHCP and DHCP Relay 2.10.4. DHCP Relay Configuration If the user has a DHCP Server, the airClient TOTAL Router can be configured as a DHCP Relay agent of the DHCP[...]

Page 44 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 2-29 airClient TOTAL DHCP Relay Configurat ion 2.10.5. IP/Port Forwarding IP/Port forwarding (also referred to as Virtual Server in this d ocument) allow s the user to define the po rt mapping between the local area network and the public network. This feature i[...]

Page 45 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 2-30 airClient TOTAL IP/Port Fo rwarding Table Figure 2-31 IP/Port Forwarding Table Entries on Summary Page Follow the steps be low to edit or delete a po rt forwarding entry in the airClient TOTAL operating in NAT Mode. 1. Click on Networking | IP/Port Forwardi[...]

Page 46 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 2-32 Editing IP/Port Forwarding Table Entry 2.10.6. Routing Table The airClient TOTAL Router web-interface has the provision to add, delete or view static routes. To view the routing table page, click on Networking | Routing Table from the m enu ba r. To enable [...]

Page 47 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 2-33 airClient TO TAL Add Static Route in Rout ing Table Figure 2-34 Static Route Entries on S ummary Page Follow the steps below to edit or delete a static rout e entry in the airClient TOTAL operating in the Router Mode. 1. Click on Networking | Routing Table [...]

Page 48 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 2-35 Deleting the Sta tic Route[...]

Page 49 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 2.11. Security This section allows you to configure wireless encryption to prevent unauthorized parties from accessing the network. The security options on the airClient TOTAL are as follows: 1. Open System 2. Shared Key 3. WPA –PSK Note : By default, secu rity is Di[...]

Page 50 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 2-36 airClient TOTAL Security - Open System/Shared Key Conf iguration Table 2-3 Security Settings for Open Sy stem/Shared Key Page Items Descriptions Authentication Type Choose between open system and shared key authent ication modes Open System : Open Syst em i[...]

Page 51 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 1. Click on Radio | Security from the main menu. A screen as shown in the fig ure below will appear for the WPA-PSK settings. 2. Select the Authentication Type as WPA-PSK fro m the dr op down menu. 3. Enter the Key E n try Met hod as AS CII or HEX. 4. Enter the WPA-Sha[...]

Page 52 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 3. Wireless Settings and Bandw id th Controller 3.1. Wireless Settings The Wi reles s Setti ngs can be acces sed fr om the Radio | Wireless Settings in the navigation menu bar. Figure 3-1 airClient TOTAL Wireless Settings The following table summarizes the information [...]

Page 53 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Page Items Desc riptions valid MAC address. For Router/NAT modes and Client Bridge Mode (sB3416-03 only) , thi s MAC addr ess ne ed s to be set to 00:00:0 0:00: 00:00 Wire le ss M ode This is the radio operating mode of the client. This is set to 802.11a. Antenna Selec[...]

Page 54 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 3.2. Bandwidth Control Using the Bandwidth Controller, the user can limit the wireless link bandwidth speed. The maximum allowable bandwidth is up to 512Kbps in sB3416-01, 1 Mbps in 3416-02 and 3 Mbps in 3416-03. This is subject to the available upstream bandwidth, sig[...]

Page 55 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 3-3 airClient TOTAL Wireles s Bandwidth Control (sB3416-03) 3.2.2. Ethernet Bandwidth Control (sB3416-03 only) Note: This section is only applicable for 3416-03. sB3416-03 allows you to limit the amount of bandw idth for each device connected on the Ethernet sid[...]

Page 56 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 3-4 airClient TOTAL Ethernet Bandwidth Control – IP address based (sB3416-03) Follow the steps be low to control the Ban dwidth parameters on the Ethernet side, b ased on MAC address: 1. From the navigation menu bar, click on Networking | Bandw idth Control . [...]

Page 57 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 3-5 airClient TOTAL Ethernet Bandwidth Control – MAC address based (sB3416-03) Follow the steps below to update or delete a IP/MAC a ddress entry in the Ethe rnet BWC table, in the airClient TOTAL. 1. Click on Netw orking | Bandwidth Control from the menu bar [...]

Page 58 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 3-6 airClient TOTAL Ethernet Bandwidth Control – Edit/Delete entry (sB34 16-03)[...]

Page 59 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 4. T raffic S t atistics Wireless Statistic s can b e displ ayed by clicking on Networking | Wireless Stat istics from the navigation menu. The following figure shows the statistics page. Figure 4-1 a irClient TOTAL Wirele ss Statistics The following table summarizes t[...]

Page 60 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 5. T ools In this section, you w ill find relevant in formation for changing the o perating mode of the d evice, saving the configuration, restoring to factory defaults and upgrading the firmware. 5.1. System Configuration The System Configuration page a llows the user[...]

Page 61 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide The following table summarizes the inform ation for the System Configuration page. Table 5-1 System Configuration Page Items 5.2. SNTP Setting The device time comes fro m the network time informatio n source. The device needs access to a ne twork timer (NTP time server[...]

Page 62 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 5.3. Site Survey From the navigation menu bar, click on Tools | Site Survey to access the Site S urvey page. A screen, similar to the one below, would show all the standards-based wireless devices operating in the area. Figure 5-3 airClient TOTAL Site Survey The follow[...]

Page 63 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 5.5. System User The airClient TOTAL unit allows the user to create Read Only users, to only allow the users to only view the c onfigurat ions of the u nit. This Rea d Only user c annot edit a ny configur ations , and cannot rebo ot the unit or restore the unit to fa c[...]

Page 64 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 5-5 airClient TOTAL SNM P Configuration 5.7. Backup/Restore Settings The Backup/Restore page backs up good configuration settings of the system . This can be used to restore the unit in case of any undesired circumstances. Follow the step s below to change the B[...]

Page 65 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 5-6 airClient TOTA L Backup/Restore Settings 5.8. Firmware Up grade The airClient TOTAL unit firmware can be upgraded from the web management interface. The latest firmware for airClient TOTAL is a vailable for download from the smartBridges support website at h[...]

Page 66 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 5-7 airClient TOTAL Firm ware Upgrade page Figure 5-8 airClient TOTAL Firmware Upgrade Figure 5-9 airClient TOTAL Successful Firmware Upgrade message[...]

Page 67 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 5.9. Product License Key This feature is used to enhance/upgrade the default bandwidth on th e airClient TOTAL units, and to convert the models between sB3416-01, sB3416-02 and sB3416-03. By default, the 3416-01 allow s a maximum bandwidth of 512 kbps, 3416-02 allows a[...]

Page 68 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 5.10. Link Budget Planning Link Budget Planning is a very useful tool for link budget estimation. A GPS Calculator is provided in the Link Budget Planning Calculator page to calculate the distance between an airClient TOTAL unit and an access poin t. To calculate the d[...]

Page 69 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 5. Click the Compute Link B udget button to calculate the link budget information. 6. The link budget information will be displayed as shown below in Fig 5-9 . The link budget information includes the EIRP, Free Space Loss and Theoretical RSSI. The Receive Sensitivit y[...]

Page 70 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide 5.11. System Log sB3416 allows the System logs to be created locally or remotely on the PC conne cted to the unit. Local logging is persistent across resets of the 3416-01/02/03 un its. To configure the System Log on the 3416 device, follow the steps below : 1. From th[...]

Page 71 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide To refresh or cle ar the Syslo g entries logg ed loca lly on the de vice, follow the step s below : 1. Select Tools | Syst em Log from the Na vigation menu bar. The System Log web page will appe ar as shown above in Fig 5-13. 2. At the bottom of this page, there are tw[...]

Page 72 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Figure 5-15 airClient TOTAL Reboot pa ge 2 This concludes the user guide. For the latest upda tes, tools and documents to help troubleshoot the sB3416, visit the support section of the smartBridg es website at http://www.smartbridges.com/support/ .[...]

Page 73 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide Appendix A – Some usef ul terms and definitions Acronyms and Abbrev iations MAC Media Access Control RSSI Receive Signal Sensitivity Indication SSID Service Set Identifie r DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ACL Access Control List SNMP Simple Network Managemen[...]

Page 74 of 74 intelligent wireless platform airCli ent™ TOTAL 3416 User G uide COFDM COFDM involves modulating the data onto a large number of carriers using the OFDM te chnique. The Key features which makes it w ork, in a manner is so well suited to terre strial channels, includes: • Orthogonality (the “O” of C OFDM); • The addition of G[...]