Teledyne 3000ZA-3X manuale d’uso

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Teledyne Analytical Instruments i OPERA TING INSTRUCTIONS FOR MODEL 3000ZA-3X T race Oxygen Analyzer DANGER Toxic gases and or flammable liquids may be present in this monitoring system. Personal protective equipment may be requi red when servicing this inst rume nt. Hazardous voltages exist on certain co m ponents internally [...]

3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments ii Copyright © 2011 Teledyne Analytical Instruments All Rights Reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, or translated into any other language or computer language in whole or in part, in any form or by any means, whether it be electronic, m[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Teledyne Analytical Instruments iii S pecific Model Information The instrument for which this manual was supplied may incorporate one or more options not supplied in th e sta ndard instrument. Commonly available options are listed below, with check boxes. Any that are incorporated in the instrument for which this manual is sup[...]

3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments iv Import ant Notice Model 3000ZA complies with all of the requirem ents of the Commonwealth of Europe (CE) for Radio Frequency Interference, Electromagnetic Interf erence (RFI/EMI), and Low Voltage Directive (LVD). The following International Sy mbols are used throughout the Instruction Manual. These symbo[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Teledyne Analytical Instruments v Safety Messages Your safety and the safety of others is very important. We have provided many important safety m essages in this manual. Please read these messages carefully. A safety message alerts you to pot ential hazards that could hurt you or others. Each safety message is a ssociated wit[...]

3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments vi CAUTION: THE ANALYZER SHOULD ONLY BE US ED FOR THE PURPOSE AND IN TH E MA NNER DESCRIBE D IN THIS MANUAL. IF YOU USE THE ANALYZER IN A MANNER OTHER THAN THAT FOR WHICH IT WAS INTEND ED, UNPREDICTABLE BEHAVI OR COULD RESULT POSSIBLY ACCOMPANIED WITH HAZARDO US CONSEQUENCE S. This manual provides informati[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Teledyne Analytical Instruments vii This is a general purpose instrument designed for use in a non-hazardous area. It is the customer's responsibi lity to ensure safety especially when combustible gases are being analyzed since the potent ial of gas leaks always exist. The customer should ensure that th e principles of op[...]

3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments viii T able of Content s Safety Messages ............................................................. v  Introduction ..................................................................... 1  1.1 Overview 1  1.2 Typical Applications 1  1.3 Main Features of the Analyzer 1  1.4 Model Designatio[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Teledyne Analytical Instruments ix 3.5 Testing the System 26  Operation....................................................................... 27  4.1 Introduction 27  4.2 Using the Data Entry and Function Buttons 28  4.2.1 Style Conventions 28  4.2.2 Keys Description 28  4.2.2.1 Arrow Keys 29  4.2.2.2 ENT[...]

3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments x 4.6 Alarms Menu 41  4.6.1 Alarm Active 41  4.6.2 Alarm Polarity 41  4.6.3 Alarm Failsafe 42  4.6.4 Alarm Latching 42  4.6.5 Alarm Setpoint 42  4.7 Range Menu 43  4.7.1 Range Select 43  4.7.2 Manual Range Select 44  4.7.3 Range Setpoints 44  Maintenance .......................[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Teledyne Analytical Instruments xi List of Figures Figure 1-1: Model 3000ZA Front Panel 3 Figure 1-2: Model 3000ZA Rear Panel 5 Figure 2-1: Model 3000ZA Sample System 8 Figure 2-2: Flow Diagram with Options 9 Figure 2-3: Component Location 11 Figure 2-4: Electroni c Block Diagram 12 Figure 3-1: Front Panel of the Model 3000TA [...]

3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments xii List of T ables Table 3-1: Analog Output Connections 19 Table 3-2: Alarm Relay Contact Pins 20 Table 3-3: Remote Calibration Connections 21 Table 3-4: Range ID Relay Connections 22 Table 3-5: Commands via RS-232 Input 25 Table 3-6: Required RS-232 Options 25 Table 5-1: Self-Test Result Display 48 Table [...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Introduction Teledyne Analytical Instruments 1 Introduction 1.1 Overview The Teledyne Analytical Instruments Model 3000ZA Trace Oxygen Analyzer is a versatile mi croprocessor-based instrument for detecting oxygen at the parts -per-million (ppm) level in a variety of gases. This manual covers the Model 3000ZA General Purpose fl[...]

Introduction 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 2  Three Zirconium oxide sensor s to provide higher range of analysis flexibility. The analyzer can cover ranges as low as 0-10 ppm or as high as 0-95%.  No reference gas required  Versatile analysis over a wi de range of applications.  Microprocessor based electronics: 8-bit CMOS m[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Introduction Teledyne Analytical Instruments 3 switch between gases in synchronization with the analyzer’s operation. 3000ZA-M: This model has current output signals (4-20- mA) for ppm range and range ID, in addition to voltage outputs. 3000ZA-V: Gas flow through the cell block in this model is driven by vacuum downstream fr[...]

Introduction 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 4 Function Keys: Six touch-sensitive m embrane switches are used to change the specific function performed by the analyzer:  Analyze Perform analysis for oxy gen content of a sample gas.  System Perform system-related tasks (described in detail in chapter 4, Operation. ).  Span Span ca[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Introduction Teledyne Analytical Instruments 5 Standby Button : The Standby turns off the display and outputs but circuitry is still operating. CAUTION: THE POWER CABLE MUS T BE UNPLUGGE D TO FULLY DISCONNECT POWER FROM THE INSTRUMENT. WHEN CHASSIS IS E XPOSED OR WHEN ACCESS DOOR IS OPEN AND POWER CA BLE IS CONNECTED, USE EXTR[...]

Introduction 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 6  Power Connection Universal AC power source.  Gas Inlet and Outlet One inlet (must be externally valved) and one exhaust out. Three inlets when option “C” is ordered.  9-Pin RS-232 Port Serial digital concentration signal output and control input.  50-Pin Equipment Interface P[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Operational Theory Teledyne Analytical Instruments 7 Operational Theory 2.1 Introduction The analyzer is composed of three subsystems: 1. Three Zirconium Oxide (ZrO 2 ) Sensors. Each one has a specific range of analysis: Low range sensor of 0-200 ppm, medium range sensor of 0-2 %, and high range sensor of 0-95%. 2. Sample Syst[...]

Operational Theory 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 8 One of the three sensors has been modified (0-200 ppm range) to sense low levels of oxygen—less than 1 ppm and generate a current proportional to the concentration. The sensor is designed for long term stability and an operating life of 5 years. 2.3 Sample System The sample system del[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Operational Theory Teledyne Analytical Instruments 9 Figure 2-2: Flow Diagram with Options 2.4 Zirconium Oxide Se nsor Application Notes The following sample gases requir e conditioning prior to entering the sensors:  Flammable gases such as methane, alcohol and carbon monoxide may cause a measurem ent error. They mu st be [...]

Operational Theory 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 10 System power is supplied from a unive rsal power suppl y module designed to be compatible with any international power sour ce. Figure 2-3 shows the location of the power supply an d the main elec tronic PC boards. The signal processing electronics including the micropro cessor, analog[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Operational Theory Teledyne Analytical Instruments 11 Figure 2-3: Component Location[...]

Operational Theory 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 12 Figure 2-4: Electronic Block Diagram[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Installation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 13 Inst allation Installation of the Model 3000ZA Analyzer includes: 1. Unpacking 2. Mounting 3. Gas connections 4. Electrical connections 5. Installing the sensor 6. Testing the system. 3.1 Unp acking the Analyzer The analyzer is shipped with all the materials you need to in stall [...]

Installation 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 14 Figure 3-1: Front Panel of th e Model 3000TA (Model 3000ZA similar) All operator controls, except the flow control need le valve, are mounted on the control panel, which is hinged on the left edge and doubles as the door that provides access to the sensor and cell block inside the instrument[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Installation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 15 As a precaution, open the cell block to check that all sensors are firmly mounted or have not com e loose during shipping . 3.3 Rear Panel Connections Figure 3-3 shows the Model 3000ZA rear panel. There are ports for gas, power, and equipment interface. The Zero In and Span In po[...]

Installation 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 16 closed end with a small circular orif ice. The restrictor without the blue sticker is for low pressure applicat ions and vacuum service. For high pressure applications (5- 50 psig) use the restrictor that has a blue sticker on the body.  Pressurized service: Connect the restrictor with th[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Installation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 17 pressure, (less than 2 psig) vacuum service plumbing is recommended. Exact figures will depend on your process. If greater sample flow is required for improved response time, install a bypass in the sa mpling system upstream of the analy zer input. EXHAUST OUT: Exhaust connection[...]

Installation 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 18 CAUTION: POWER IS APPLIED TO THE INS TRUMENT'S CIRCUITRY AS LONG AS THE IN STRUMENT IS CONNECTED TO THE POWE R SOURCE. THE RED SWITCH ON THE FRONT PANEL IS FOR SWITCHING POWER ON OR OFF TO THE DIS PLAYS AND OUTPUTS ONLY. The universal power supply re quires an 85–250 VAC, 47-63 Hz pow[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Installation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 19  4–20 mA DC % Range: Current increases linearly with increasing oxygen, from 4 mA at 0 ppm to 20 mA at full scale ppm. (Full scale = 100% of programmable range)  4–20 mA DC Range ID: 7.2 mA = Low Range 12 mA = Medium Range 16.8 mA = High Range Table 3-1: Analog Output C[...]

Installation 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 20 Threshold Alarm 2:  Can be configured as high (actuates when concentration is above threshold), or low (actuates when concentration is below threshold).  Can be configured as failsafe or non-failsafe.  Can be configured as latching or non-latching.  Can be configured out (defeate[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Installation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 21 Zero: Floating input. 5 to 24 V input across the + and – pins puts the analyzer into the Zero mode. Either side m ay be grounded at the source of the signal. 0 to 1 volt across th e terminals allo ws Zero mode to terminate when done. A synchronous signal m ust open and close th[...]

Installation 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 22 Once a zero or span command is sent, and acknowledged (contact closes), release it. If the command is continued u ntil after the zero or span is complete, the calibration wi ll repeat and the Cal Relay Contact (CRC) will close again. For example: 1. Test the CRC. When the CRC is open, send a[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Installation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 23 Network I/O: Pins 13 (+) and 29 (–) are fo r serial dig ital input/output for local network protocol. At this printing, this port is not yet functional. It is to be used for future options to the instrument. Remote Valve Connections: The 3000ZA is a single-chassis instrument, w[...]

Installation 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 24 Figure 3-6: FET Se ries Resistance 3.3.2.3 RS-232 P ORT The digital signal output is a st andard, full duplex RS-232 serial communications port used to connect the analyzer to a computer, terminal, or other digital device. It requires a standard 9-pin D connector. The output data is status i[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Installation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 25 Table 3-5: Commands via RS-232 Input Command Description as <enter> Immediately starts an autospan. az <enter> Immediately starts an autozero. st <enter> Toggling input. Stops/Starts any status message output from the RS-232, until st <enter> is sent again[...]

Installation 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 26 The data is status information, in digital form, updated every two seconds. Status is reporte d in the following order:  The concentration in ppm or percent  The range in use (HI, MED, LO)  The span of the range (0-100 ppm, etc)  Which alarms—if any—are disabled (AL–x DISAB[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Operation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 27 Operation 4.1 Introduction Once the analyzer has been installe d, it can be configured for your application. To do this you will:  Set system parameters.  Establish a security passwor d, if desired, requiring the operator to log in.  Establish and start an autom atic calibr[...]

Operation 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 28 4.2 Using the Dat a Entry and Function Buttons 4.2.1 Style Conventions The following typeface conventions are used when referring to screen names, key presses and screen readout: Sc r e en s : Arial 12 pt. type in capital letters. Example: ANALYZE or MAIN screen or menu. Key presses: <key>[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Operation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 29 STANDBY. It is important to read and understand the MENU STRUCTURE section to fully understa nd navigation and data entry. 4.2.2.1 A RROW K EYS Pressing the ARROW KEYS select menus and modifies values. 1. Item Selection Menus are identified by the flashing arrow on the left. In Item[...]

Operation 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 30 4.2.2.4 S PECIAL F UNCTION K EYS Pressing any of the 7 Function keys (ANALYZE / SYSTEM / SPAN / ZERO / ALARMS /RANGE / STANDBY) Cause the display to show the top level menu for the respective function. If another menu operation was being performed, any m odified parameters (that had not yet bee[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Operation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 31 ----------------------- PASSWORD LOGOUT MODEL SELF TEST FILTER ANALOG-OUT ADJUST AUTO-CALIBRATION CHANGE STREAM ----------------------- Figure 4-1: Hierarchy of Available Functions[...]

Operation 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 32 4.3.3 Password routine ------------- ---------- Enter Password 'T' 'A ' 'I' ------------- ---------- If the password is 'TAI' then the le tters 'T' 'A' ' I' will be supplied to the user when this screen is entered. This is an[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Operation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 33 'A' 'A' 'A' ----------------------- The user is prompted to re-enter the password and the letters are restored to 'A' 'A' 'A'. This preven ts the user fro m accidentally setting the password to an unintended (a nd, perhaps [...]

Operation 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 34 V1.0 ------------- ---------- Entering the MODEL screen causes the above screen to be displayed for 3 seconds. There are no modifiable parameters. 4.3.6 Self-Test Routine ------------- ---------- Begin Self-Test? ENTER-YES ESCAPE-NO ------------- ---------- Pressing ENTER causes the analyzer to[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Operation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 35 4-20mA Gain: 0 4-20mA Limit: FALSE Track in Cal: Yes ----------------------- 4-20mA Offset: Pressing ENTER causes the number after 'Offset:' to start flashing. Then pressing UP or DOWN selects a number ranging from –341 to 500. The analog output may be sampled using a DM[...]

Operation 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 36 Track in Cal: Analog output tracking during calibration user preference setting. The sett ing is remembered after power is turned off. Select “ Yes ” to have analog output track during calibration (either span or zero). Select “ No ” to hold analog output to last reading before entering[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Operation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 37 4.4.1 Span Sensor ----------------------- ->Span Sens or: High ------------ ----------- Pressing ENTER causes the selection after ' Sensor: ' to start flashing (Low / Mid / High). Then pressing UP or DOWN selects a different sensor. Note that the span value di rectly be[...]

Operation 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 38 4.4.4 Span Finish ----------------------- ->Span AUT O Finish ------------- ---------- Pressing ENTER causes the AUTO or MANUAL after 'Span' to start flashing. Pressing UP or DOWN toggles the value. The value determines the method by which the sp an settling period is complete and [...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Operation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 39 4.5 Zero Menu The ZERO screen is as follows: ----------------------- Zero 0.00 ppm Zero Timer: 7 min. Zero Auto Finish Zero Begin ----------------------- 4.5.1 Zero Finish ----------------------- ->Zero AUTO Finish ----------------------- Pressing ENTER causes the AUTO or MANUAL [...]

Operation 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 40 any offset of the zero gas used. Pressing UP or DOWN adjusts the number. 4.5.3 Zero Begin ------------- ---------- ->Zero Begin ------------- ---------- ----------------------- Begin Zero? ENTER-YES ESCAPE-NO ------------- ---------- Pressing ENTER causes the screen to prompt to begin the ze[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Operation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 41 4.6 Alarms Menu The ALARMS screen is as follows: ----------------------- AL-1 ACTIVE AL-1 HIGH AL-1 NON-FAILSAFE AL-1 NON-LATCHING AL-1 20.00 ppm AL-2 ACTIVE AL-2 HIGH AL-2 NON-FAILSAFE AL-2 NON-LATCHING AL-2 50.00 ppm ----------------------- Note that alarm functionality e xplanati[...]

Operation 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 42 Pressing ENTER causes the word HIGH or LOW to start flashing. Then pressing UP or DOWN toggles between the 2 words. When HIGH , the alarm will trip if O 2 concentration is above th e setpoint as discussed below. 4.6.3 Alarm Failsafe ------------- ---------- ->AL-1 FAILSAFE ------------- ----[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Operation Teledyne Analytical Instruments 43 4.7 Range Menu The RANGE screen is as follows: ----------------------- Range Select : Auto Man Rng: R1 R1: 0-1000.00 ppm R2: 0- 1.00% R3: 0- 6.00% ----------------------- 4.7.1 Range Select ----------------------- Range Select : Auto ----------------------- Pressing ENTER causes the[...]

Operation 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 44 4.7.2 Manual Range Select ------------- ---------- Man Rng: R1 ------------- ---------- Pressing ENTER causes the range R1 or R2 or R3 to start flashing. Then pressing UP or DOWN cycles th rough the 3 ranges. The selected range is the effective range if th e Range Select (above) is set to Man ([...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Maintenance Teledyne Analytical Instruments 45 Maintenance 5.1 Routine Maintenance Aside from normal cleaning and checking for leaks at the gas connections, routine maintenance is limited to replacing the sensors and fuses, and recalibration. For recalibration, see Section 4.4 Calibration . WARNING: SEE WARNINGS ON THE TITLE P[...]

Maintenance 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 46 2. Open the front panel door by pressing the release button on the top right corner of the door all the way in with a narrow gauge tool. 3. Remove the eight screws that hold the cover of the sensor block. As you remove the cover make sure the O-rings stay in place. If they drop, place them ba[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Maintenance Teledyne Analytical Instruments 47 Figure 5-1: Sensor Block w ith Middle Sensor Installed 5.3 Fuse Replacement 1. Place small screwdriver in notch, and pry cover off, as shown in Figure 5-2. Figure 5-2: Removing Fuse Block from Housing[...]

Maintenance 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 48 2. To change between American and European fuses, remove the single retaining screw then flip the Fuse Block over 180 degrees. Replace the screw. 3. Replace fuse as shown in Figure 5-3. 4. Reassemble housing as shown in Figure 5-2. American Fuses European Fuses Figure 5-3: Installing Fuses 5.[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Maintenance Teledyne Analytical Instruments 49 If any item above fails this test , it will be listed on the VFD display followed by the “ BAD ” message instead of “ GOOD ” 5.5 Major Internal Component s The zirconium sensors block is accessed by unlatching and swinging open the front panel, as described earlier. Other [...]

Maintenance 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 50  Sample system  Power Supply  Microprocessor  Displays  5 digit LED meter  2 line, 20 character, alphanumeric, VFD display  RS-232 Communications Port See the drawings in the Drawings s ection in back of this manual for details. 5.6 Cleaning If instrument is unmounted at [...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Maintenance Teledyne Analytical Instruments 51 Atmospheric oxygen diffusing through vent and altering the oxygen level the sensor sees Increase flow rate and/or length of vent tubing to dilute or minimize oxygen diffusion from vent to sensor. Inaccurate zero operation (i.e. user has zeroed the instrument using a gas concen- tr[...]

Maintenance 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 52[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Maintenance Teledyne Analytical Instruments 53 Appendix A-1 S pecifications Packaging: General Purpose • Flush panel mount (Standard) • Relay rack mount. Contains either one or two instruments in one 19" relay rack mountable plate (Optional). Sensor: Three zirconium oxide sensor. Cell Block: Nylon Sample System: All w[...]

Maintenance 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 54 Operating Temperature: 5-35 °C Accuracy: ±2% of full scale at constant temperature (at calibrated range). ±5% of full scale over operating temperature range, except 0-1 ppm analysis range, once therm al equilibrium is reached. ±0.2 ppm on 0-1 ppm analysis range, once thermal equilibrium i[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Maintenance Teledyne Analytical Instruments 55 A-2 Recommended 2-Y ear Sp are Parts List Qty. Part Number Description 1 C65507A Back Panel Board 1 C62371-A Front Panel Board 1 B77585A ZrO 2 Amplifier Board 1 C76925 Main Computer Board 1 F10 Fuse, 2A, 250V 3AG Slow Blow 2 F1296 Fuse, 2A, 250V 5x20mm Slow Blow 1 A68314 Back Pane[...]

Maintenance 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 56 A-3 Drawing List D-77579 Final Assembly D-75738 Outline Drawing A-4 19-inch Relay Rack Panel Mount Figure A-1: Single and Dual 19" Rack Mounts (dimensions in mm)[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Maintenance Teledyne Analytical Instruments 57 A.5 Application Notes 3000 SERIES ANALYZERS APPLICATION NOTES ON RESTRICTORS, PRESSURES, AND FLOW RECOMMENDATIONS The 3000 series analyzers require reasonably regulated sample pressures. While the 3000 analyzers are not sensitive to variations of incoming pressure (provided they a[...]

Maintenance 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 58 RESTRICTION DEVICES: For proper operation, all 3000 seri es analyzers require a flow restriction device. This device is typi cally a restrictor or a valve. The restriction device serves two f unctions in the sample path. 1. It is used to limit the flow rate of the sample through the analyzer.[...]

Trace Oxygen Analyzer Maintenance Teledyne Analytical Instruments 59 (including the cell) the pressure wi ll be at atmospheric pressu re (analyzer vented to atmospheric pres sure). Note, all o ther pressure drops in the sample path are insigni ficant a t these flow rates. This insures that the cell operates at atmo spheric pressure. At very high fl[...]

Maintenance 3000ZA-3X Teledyne Analytical Instruments 60 TAI PART NUMBERS Restrictor kit: A68729 Union (SS) U11 LP Restrictor R2323 (low pressure / vac. service) Std. Restrictor R2324 Blue dot Nut N73 Ferrule F73 Ferrule F74 Both ferrules are required CONVERSIONS: 1 PSI = 2.04 inches of m ercury (in. Hg.) 1 SCFH = 0.476 SLPM[...]