Lenovo 13 manual

Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 13 Hardware Maintenance Manual[...]

Note: Before usi ng this informat ion and the pr oduct it supports, be su re to read th e general info rmation und er “No tic es” o n page 67. First Edition (Octobe r 2012) © Copyright Lenovo 2012. All rights reserve d. LENOVO products, data, computer software, and servi ces have been developed exclusively at privat e expense and are sold to g[...]

iii Abou t this man ual ....... ..... ...... ..... ......... ..... ... iv Safet y infor mation ....... ..... ...... ........ ...... ..... .... 1 General s afety ... ........ ..... ..... ..... ........ ..... ..... ..... ..... 2 Electri cal saf ety ...... ...... ..... ..... ..... ..... ........ ..... ..... .. 3 Safety inspect ion guide ... ..... ....[...]

iv This manual c ontains service and refere nce infor mation for the f ollowing Lenovo prod uct: Lenovo IdeaPad Yoga 13 Use this manual to troubleshoot problems. The manual is divide d into the follow ing sectio ns: • The common se ctions provide general inform ation, guide lines, and safe ty informatio n required for servicing comput ers. • Th[...]

Safe ty in forma tio n 1 This chapt er prese nts the following safety informati on that you need to ge t familiar with before you servic e a Lenovo compu ter: • “General safet y” on page 2 • “Electrical safe ty” on page 3 • “Sa fety i nspecti on gui de” on page 5 • “Handling devic es tha t are sensiti ve to electrostat ic disc[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Main tenance Manual 2 Follow these rules belo w to ensure g eneral safety: • Observe a good h ousekeeping in t he area wher e the machines ar e put during and after the maintenance. • When lif ting any heav y object: 1. Make su re th at you can sta nd sa fely with out slip ping. 2. Distribute the weight of the [...]

Safe ty in forma tio n 3 Observe t he following rules when working on electrical equipments. • Find the r oom emergency power -off (EP O) switch, disconnecting switch, or electrical out let. If an electrical accident occurs, you can t hen operate the switch or unplu g t he po wer c ord qu ick ly . • Do not work alo ne under haza rdous condition[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 4 • Always look carefully for possib le hazards in your work area. Examples of these hazards are moist floors, nongrounded power extension cables, power surges, and m issing sa fety g rounds. • Do not t ouch live el ectrical circui ts with the r eflective surface of a plastic dental mi rror .[...]

Safe ty in forma tio n 5 The purpos e of this inspection guide is to assis t you in identifyi ng potential unsafe con ditions . As each machine was design ed and built , required safe ty items were installed to protect users and service personnel from injury. This guide addresses on ly those items. Y ou should use good j u dgment to id entify poten[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 6 Any co mputer part conta ining tran sistor s or integ rated cir cuits (ICs) shou ld be considered sensi tive to e lectrostatic discharge (ESD). ES D damag e can occur when there is a diffe rence in charge between objects. Protect against ESD damage by equalizing t he charge s o that the machin [...]

Safe ty in forma tio n 7 The safety not ices in this se ction are provid ed in English , French, Ger man, Hebre w, Italian, Japan ese, and Sp anish. Safety notices: multilingual translati ons Safe ty n oti ce 1 Before the comp uter is p owered on af ter FRU replacement, ma ke sure al l screws, springs , and other small part s are in place and are n[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 8 Safety notice 2 DANGER Some st andb y batte ries cont ain a small amount of ni cke l and cadmi um. Do not di sasse mble a standby batte ry, r echar ge it, th row it into fire or wate r, or short-circuit it. Dispose of the battery as required by local ordinances or regulations. Use on ly the bat[...]

Safe ty in forma tio n 9 Safety notice 3 DANGER The battery pac k contains small amount s of nickel. Do not disassemble i t, thro w it into fire or wate r, or shor t-cir cuit it. Dispose of the ba ttery pac k as required b y local ordinanc es or regulations. Us e only the batter y in the appropriate parts li sting when re p lacing the bat tery pack[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 10 Safety notice 4 DANGER The lith ium batt ery can cause a f i re, an ex plosio n, or a severe b urn. D o not recharge it, remov e it s pol ariz ed con necto r, disasse mble it, heat it a bove 100°C (212°F) , incinerate it, or expose its c ell contents to water. Disp ose of the battery as requ[...]

Safe ty in forma tio n 11 Safety notice 5 If the LCD breaks and the flui d from inside t he LCD gets into your eyes or on your hands, immediately wash the affect ed areas with water at least for 15 minutes. Seek medi cal care if an y symptoms caused b y the fluid are present after washing. Si le panneau d’affichage à cristaux liqui des se brise [...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 12 Safety notice 6 DANGER To avo id s hock, d o no t remo ve th e plas tic cove r that prote cts the lower part of the inverter card. Afin d’évite r tout r isque de choc électrique, ne retire z pas l e cache en plastique prot égeant la parti e inférieure de la cart e d’alimentation. Aus S[...]

Safe ty in forma tio n 13 Safety notice 8 DANGER Before removing a ny FRU, turn off the compute r, unpl ug al l power co rds from electrical ou tlets, remove the b attery pack, a nd then disconnect any interconn ecting cables . Avant de retirer une unité remplaçable en clientèle, mettez le système hors tension, débranchez tous les cordons d’[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 14 Some models of Lenovo computer ar e equipped from the factory with an optical storage dev ice such as a CD-ROM dr ive or a D VD-ROM drive. Such devices are also sold s eparat ely as op tions. If on e of these drives is installed , it is ce rtified in the U.S. to c onform to the requirements of[...]

Safe ty in forma tio n 15 A CD-ROM drive, a DVD-ROM d rive, or any other st orage device installed ma y contain an embedded Class 3A or Class 3B laser diode. Note th e following: DANGER Emits visible and invisible las er radiation when open. Do not stare into the beam, do not view directly with optica l instruments, and avoid direct exposu re to th[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 16 This chapt er presen ts the follow ing important se rvice inf ormatio n: • “Stra tegy for replac ing FRUs” on page 16 – “St rateg y for re placi ng a ha rd disk driv e” on pa ge 17 – “I mpo rtant n otic e fo r rep lac ing a system boar d” on page 17 • “Important in format[...]

Important service infor mation 17 Use the following strategy to prevent unnecessary expense for replacin g and servicing FRUs: • If you are instr ucted to r eplace an FRU, but the r ep lacement does not s olve the problem, reinstall the original FRU before you cont inue. • Some comp uters have bot h a p rocessor board a nd a syst em b oard. If [...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 18 RoHS, The Restri ction of Hazard ous Substances in Electrical an d Electr onic Equip ment Directive (2 002/95/EC) is a Europe an Union legal requirement affecting the global electronics industry. RoHS require ments must be impl emented on Lenovo pr oducts placed on the market after June 2006. [...]

General c heckout 19 This chapt er presents the following informatio n: • “What to do first” on pa ge 20 • “Pow er syst em ch eckou t” on pa ge 21 Before yo u go to the ch eckout, make s ure to read th e following i mportan t notes: General checkout Important notes: • Only certified trained personnel can service the computer . • Bef[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 20 When you do r eturn an F RU, yo u must inclu de the fo llowing in formation in the parts e xchange form or part s return form th at you attac h to it: 1. Name and phone number of servicer 2. Date of service 3. Date on which th e machine fa iled 4. Date of purchase 5. Procedur e index and page [...]

General c heckout 21 To verify a sympto m, follo w the steps be low: 1. Turn off t he computer. 2. Remove the batter y pack . 3. Connect the AC adap ter. 4. Make su re that pow er is supplied when you turn on the comput er. 5. Turn off t he computer. 6. Disconn ect the AC adapter and instal l the charged battery pack. 7. Make sure th at the ba tter[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 22 Perform opera tional charging. If the battery statu s indicator or icon does not light on, remove th e battery pack and let it return to room te mperatur e. Reinstall the ba ttery pack. If the c harge indic ator or ic on is stil l off, repl ace th e batt ery pack. If the c harge i ndicator sti[...]

Rela ted s ervic e in forma tio n 23 This chapt er presents the following informatio n: • “Re storin g the fact ory con tents by using Recover y Disc Set” on page 23 •“ P a s s w o r d s ” o n p a g e 2 4 • “Power management” on page 25 When the hard disk drive or solid state drive is replaced because of a failure, no produc t rec[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 24 7. When all of the data has been copied from the last disc in the set, remove the disc and restart the computer. 8. When the rec overy process i s complete, the W elcome to the Mi crosoft Windows screen is disp layed. Follow th e instruc tions on the scr een to comp lete the Win dows setu p. A[...]

Rela ted s ervic e in forma tio n 25 Note: Power management modes are not support ed for APM operating system. To reduc e powe r cons umpti on, the compu ter ha s thre e powe r manag ement modes : screen blank , sle ep (s tandby), a nd h iberna tion . Screen bl ank sta te If the tim e set on th e “Turn of f monitor ” timer in the operat ing sys[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 26 Shutting dow n the c omputer If yo u are not goin g to use y ou r com put er f or a lo ng t ime , shu t it d own . To s hu t down your computer: 1. Open the charms, select Settings . 2. Select Power → Shut down .[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 27 This chapt er presents the following product-spe cific ser vice referenc es and product- specific par ts inform ation: • “Specification s” on page 27 • “Status in dicators” on page 2 9 • “FRU tests ” on pa ge 31 • “FRU r eplacement notices” on pa ge 31 • “Removing and replac ing an FRU” on pa[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 28 Table 1. Specifi cation s (contin ued) Feature Description I/O ports HDMI port × 1 USB 2.0 × 1, U SB 3.0 × 1 slot × 1 ( SD/MMC ) Audio Combo audio jack × 1 Speaker × 2 Built-in mic rophone Video HDMI port × 1 Bluetooth Built-in ant enna with wireless card module for all Models Keyboa rd[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 29 The syst em sta tus indic ators below sh ow the compu ter stat us: Indicator Meaning Bat te ry On (so lid wh ite) : The battery has more th an 20% charge. Solid am b er: The battery has between 5% and 20% charge. Fast blinking amber: There is a problem with the battery or the battery connection . Slow blinking amber: The [...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 30 The hotkeys are located in th e function key row of the keyb oard. By pressing the appropriate hotkey, you can change system settings instantly. The following descri bes the function of each hotkey. Table 4. Hotkeys Hotkeys Descri ption : Mute s/un mute s the so und. : Decreas es the volume le[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 31 This sect ion present s notic es relate d to remo ving and r eplaci ng parts. Read th is secti on carefully befo re replacin g any FRU. Screw notices Loose scr ews can cause a reliabilit y problem. In the L enovo c omputer, t his problem is addr essed with sp ecial nylon-c oated screws th at have the foll owing characteri[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 32 This section presents exploded figures with the instruc tions to indicate how to remove an d replac e the FR U. Ma ke sure to obs erve th e follo wing gener al rules : 1. Do not attem pt to service any computer unless you have been trained and cert ifie d. An untr ained pers on ru ns th e ri s[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 33 1010 Keyb oard Figure 1. Remo val steps of keyboa rd Loosen the key board with a fl at blade in the di rection shown by arrow . Lift the keyboar d a little in the direction as sh own by arrow . a b b a[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 34 Figure 1. Remo val steps of keyboard (continued) Lift the key board a little , and then det ach the connector in the dir ection shown by arrows . When inst allin g: Make s ure that th e FPC conn ecto r is a ttac hed f irmly. c d e c e d[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 35 1020 Keyb oard bezel For acc ess, remove t his FRU: • “1010 Keyboard” on page 33 Figure 2. Remo val steps of keyboa rd bezel Remove tw o scre ws thr ee scre ws and ten scr ews on the bot tom. Step Screw (qua ntity) Color Torque M2.0 × 3 mm, flat-hea d, nylok-c oated (2) M2.0 × 5.5 mm, flat-head, nylok-coat ed (3) [...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 36 Figure 2. Remo val steps of keyboard bezel ( continu ed) Unplug the power board connector in the directio n shown by arrow , detach the touc hpad con nector i n the direct ion show n by arrow s . When inst allin g: M ake su re that th e powe r boar d conne ctor and touchpa d cab le are attache[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 37 1030 Batter y pack For acc ess, remove these F RUs in order: • “1010 Keyboard” on page 33 • “1020 Keyb oard bezel” on page 35 Figure 3. Remo val steps of battery pack Unplug the battery con nector in the directi on shown by arr o w first, th en remo ve fou r s crew s . Step Screw (qua ntity) Color Torque M2.0 [...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 38 Figure 3. Remo val steps of battery pack (conti nued) Remove the battery in the direction shown by arrow . When inst allin g: C onnect the b attery last. c c[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 39 1040 Dummy card Figure 4. Rem oval steps of du mmy card Remove the dummy card in the dire ction shown by arrows . a b b a[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 40 1050 DIMM For acc ess, remove these F RUs in order: • “1010 Keyboard” on page 33 • “1020 Keyb oard bezel” on page 35 • “1030 Batter y pack ” on p age 37 Figure 5. Rem oval steps of DIM M Release the t wo latches on bo th edges of the socket at the same time in the direct ion [...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 41 1060 SSD Ca rd For acc ess, remove these F RUs in order: • “1010 Keyboard” on page 33 • “1020 Keyb oard bezel” on page 35 • “1030 Batter y pack ” on p age 37 Figure 6. Remo val steps of SSD Card Remo ve t he screw . Remove the ca rd in the directio n shown by arrow . Step Screw (qua ntity) Color Torque M[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 42 1070 Fan as sembly an d Heat Si nk assembl y For acc ess, remove these F RUs in order: • “1010 Keyboard” on page 33 • “1020 Keyb oard bezel” on page 35 • “1030 Batter y pack ” on p age 37 Figure 7. Rem oval steps of fa n assembly and heat sin k assembly Unplug the fan connect[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 43 Figure 7. Rem oval steps of fa n assembly and heat sin k assembly (con tinued) Lift the fa n assemb ly and heat si nk assem bly in the direct ion show n by arrow . Be caref ul not to d amage the connec tor. d d[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 44 1080 Syst em board For acc ess, remove these F RUs in order: • “1010 Keyboard” on page 33 • “1020 Keyb oard bezel” on page 35 • “1030 Batter y pack ” on p age 37 • “1070 Fan assembly and H eat Sink assem bly” on page 42 Important notices for handling the system board: W[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 45 Figure 8. Remo val steps of system board (con tinued) Remove three screws . Step Screw (qua ntity) Color Torqu e M2 × 2 mm, flat-head, nylok-c oated (3) Black 1. 85 kgfcm a a a a a[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 46 Figure 8. Remo val steps of system board (con tinued) Unplug DC -IN cable con nector in the dire ction sho wn by arrow , discon nect the LCD conne ctor in t he direc tion shown by arrow , s peaker s connec tor in the di rection shown b y arrow , camera connect or in the direction s h own by ar[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 47 Figure 8. Remo val steps of system board (con tinued) Remo ve the syst em boar d in the di rect ion show n by arrow . When inst all ing: When a ttach ing th e system b oard to the base cove r, adju st the placement of the HDMI, USB ports, Combo audio jack as shown in , and make sure th at they are at tached to th e holes [...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 48 1090 LCD unit For acc ess, remove these F RUs in order: • “1010 Keyboard” on page 33 • “1020 Keyb oard bezel” on page 35 • “1030 Batter y pack ” on p age 37 • “1040 Dummy card” on p age 39 • “1050 DIMM” on pag e 40 • “1060 SSD Card” on page 41 • “1070 Fa[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 49 Figure 9. Remo val steps of LCD unit (c ontinued) Detach the L CD un it f rom th e upp er c ase in the d irec tion shown by a rrows . b b b[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 50 1100 Sp eakers , base cover , USB board, powe r assembly, p ower board and wifi For acc ess, remove these F RUs in order: • “1010 Keyboard” on page 33 • “1020 Keyb oard bezel” on page 35 • “1030 Batter y pack ” on p age 37 • “1040 Dummy card” on p age 39 • “1050 DIM[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 51 Figure 10. Spe akers, base cove r, USB board, power assem bly, power b oard and wifi (conti nued) Remove the powe r assembly in the direction shown by arrow . When inst allin g: Make sure tha t the pow er connec tor is atta ched firm ly. Deta ch the syste m boar d connect or in the di rect ion s hown b y arr ow , unpl ug [...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 52 Figure 10. Spe akers, base cove r, USB board, power assem bly, power b oard and wifi (conti nued) Remove four screws , and then remove the USB board in the direction shown by arrow . When inst alling: When at tachin g the US B board to the base cover, adjus t the placement of the USB port as s[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 53 Figure 10. Spe akers, base cove r, USB board, power assem bly, power b oard and wifi (conti nued) Disconne ct the two w ireless LAN ca bles (blac k,white ) , and then det ach the syste m boar d c onne ctors . In step , unplug t he jacks by using t he removal tool anten na RF connecto r (P/N: 08K7 159), or pick up the conn[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 54 Applying la bels to the base cov e r The new base cover FRU is ship ped with a kit co ntaining lab els of several kin ds. Apply those l abels when you replace t he base cover . For labels which ar e not shipped with t he new base cover , peel them fr om the r ep laced base cov er and adhere th[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 55 1110 LCD fron t bezel For acc ess, remove these F RUs in order: • “1010 Keyboard” on page 33 • “1020 Keyb oard bezel” on page 35 • “1030 Batter y pack ” on p age 37 • “1040 Dummy card” on p age 39 • “1050 DIMM” on pag e 40 • “1060 SSD Card” on page 41 • “1070 Fan assembly and H eat [...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 56 Front view Integrated camera Multi-touc h display Wind ows bu tton Speaker Touchpa d Wireless LAN ant ennas Novo but ton Pow er butt on Battery statu s indicator Locations a b c d e f g h i a b c d e f g h i[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 57 Bottom and Left-side view HDMI port USB 3.0 port Combo audio jack Buil t-in mi crophon e Volume up b utton Volume down button Louvers a b c d e f g d c b a g ef[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 58 Rig ht -sid e view Scree n rotati on loc k button Memory card slot USB po rt AC pow er ada pter jack a b c d c b a d[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 59 This section presents the followin g service par ts: • “Overall” on page 60 • “Keyboard” on page 63 • “Misce llaneou s parts” o n page 64 • “AC adapt ers” on page 65 •“ P o w e r c o r d s ” o n p a g e 6 6 Parts list Notes: • Each FRU is available f or all types or models , unless spe cifi[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 60 Over all 2 3 5 8 e a 16 12 10 9 14 f 7 6 19 1 3 15 17 b 11 1 4 1 8 d c 20[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 61 Table 4. Parts list —Overal l No. FRU FRU no. CRU ID 1L C D u n i t N 2 KB JAPANE SE_BL ACK LY7 50 69529376 N 3 USI Windows Button NB 11201289 N 5 VENUS_UPPE R_CASE_SUB_AS SY 30500216 N 6 DDR3L 1600 2GB M471B57 73DH0-YK0 DDR3 1 600 2GB 1.35V 11200502 N 6 DDR3L 1600 2GB MT8KTF 25664HZ-1G6M1 DDR3 1600 2GB 1.35V 11200346 N[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 62 Table 4. Parts list —Overal l (continued) No. FRU FRU no. CRU ID 14 Azw BCM4330 BGN SDIO + UART BT Wlan 20200050 N 14 Wlan WiFi 1x1 BGN+BT RTL8732 BGN US B + USB BT WLAN 20200052 N 15 USI Powe r BTN/B Power/Volume/LED NB 11201288 N 16 Battery 5 4WH 4S1P 3 640mAh Polym er U3s SMP/ATL L10M4P12[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 63 Keyboard Table 6. Parts list —Keyboard Lang uage P/ N CRU ID keyboard Yoga 13 Chicony (black keyboa rd black box) Japanese 25204693 N Sunre x (black keyboa rd black box) Japanese 25204723 N Darfon (black keyboa rd black box) Japanese 25204753 N[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 64 Miscell aneous part s Table 7. Parts li st—Miscel laneous parts FRU P/ N CRU ID Cable miscel laneous parts: • (a) VENUS_ROT A T ION_PCBA_F FC_Luxshare • (a) VENUS_ROT A TION_PCBA_F FC_ACON • (b) VENUS_WIFI-F PC_Luxshare • (b) VENUS_WIFI-F PC_Flexium • (c) VENUS_DC_ JACK_CABLE_Luxsh[...]

Lenovo Id eaPad Yoga 13 65 AC adapters Table 8. Parts li st—2-pin AC ada pters FRU P/N CRU ID 65W Slim 2pin, Delta ADP- 65XB A 20V/3.2 5A common adapter 3 6200124 * 65W Slim 2pin, LiteOn PA-1650-37LF 20V3.25A 65W 2Pin Slim adapter 36200235 *[...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 66 Power cord s A Lenovo po wer cord fo r a specific count ry or region is usuall y available onl y in that coun try or re gion: Table 9. Parts li st—2-pin power c ords Region P/N CRU ID CCC • LINETEK PC20 5+R VV300/300 0.75/ 2C+COC03 1 m 145500018 * UK • LINETEK LP61L+H03VV H2-F 0.75/2C+ L[...]

Not ic es 67 Lenov o may not offer th e pro ducts , serv ices , or featur es dis cuss ed in this document in all coun tries. Cons ult your local Lenovo representa tive for information on th e products and ser vices currently a vailable in you r area. Any reference to a Lenovo product, program, or service is not intended to state or imply that only [...]

Lenovo Ide aPad Yoga 13 Har dware Maintenance Manual 68 Any perfor mance data cont ained here in was determin ed in a controlled environment. Therefore, the res ult obtained in other operating environments may vary si gnificantly. Some measu rements may have been made on development-level systems and there is no guaran tee that these measurements w[...]