Nikon 10070 Bedienungsanleitung

PayPal Name Lynn@butkus.org[...]

Nikon _ - -af ta-r- a hfrKolu()si-7 *.''*q' INSTRUCTION MANUAL # -- u -Ct -*:,. :*g i*$r3**-{ -.n tra j www.butkus.us[...]

NOMENCLATURE O Film advance lever Shutter speedi mode index @ @ Shutter speed scale @ Shutter speed/mode selector dial @ Frame counter @ Shutter release button release button lock lever @ Anatomical grip @ Depth-of-f ield indicators @ Lens @ Lens aoerture knob @ Aoerture index Accessory shoe @ Viewfinder @ Neckstrap eyelets @ Lens positioning slot [...]

@ ASA/ISO film soeed index Viewfinder eyepiece window @ @ Film rewind knob @ Film rewind crank @ASA/lSO film soeed dial @ ASA/lSO film speed scale Camera back release/ @ lock button lt Camera back lock @ index (reo) Camera back release @ inde* (white) ^ Camera back release/ Q! lock mark - Camera back release/ Q? lock latch @ Film rewind fork Hinged[...]

CONTENTS NOMENCLATURE .2-3 FOREWORD ......... 6 PREPARATION.... .....7=tltl Exomining ond lubricoting the O-rings....8 The O-rings ond their seoling method . . . '10 TIPS ON CAMERA CARE .... 12-IIg BASIC OPERATIONS. . . .. ... t14-29 CONIROLS IN DETAIL 30_49 Shutter Speed/Mode Selector Diol. . . . . . . 30 A(Auto) ........30 Monuol (llsoto 4/&[...]

Woter'seffectsoncolors ...,60 Color obsorption underwoter .......,... 60 Shooting distonce ond subject controst ... . .6ta Shooting with sunlight.,.. ...6t Comero positioning . .. .... .62 Best depth of woter for AE shooting . . . , . .62 Film choice.... .......63 When to use o speedlight.... .....63 Underwoter photogrophy ond speedlight guide[...]

FOREWORD The Nikonos-V is the world's only 35mm underwater camera capable of going to a depth of 50m (160 feet) and wrthstanding pressure of 6kg/cm2 (85lb/in2) wrthout a special underwater housing. Because of its ruggedness, you can use the Nikonos in situations where regular cameras would dare not go. Carry it to the beach, use it on your boa[...]

PREPARATION STOP! READ THIS NOTICE BEFORE USING YOUR NIKONOS.V CAMERA. THE O.RING SEALS MUST BE EXAMINED AND LUBRICATED BEFORE USE TO AVOID DAMAGING THE CAMERA. This Nikonos-V uses O-rings to seal and waterproof the junctions between parts. Your Nikonos-V should not be considered waterproof until you have examined the four user-serviceable O-rings [...]

- PREPARATION - conlinued Examining and lubricating the O'rings 1. To remove the O-rings, except the one around the camera back, grasp the ring between your thumb and forefinger. Pinch your fingers together as you slide them in the direction of the arrow to create slack in the O-ring. Then grasp th.e portion .with your other hand and pullthe r[...]

Fig 2 $. www.butkus.us[...]

PREPAR AT ION - conf i nued 8. When closing or reattaching the parts with O-rings, be sure that each O-ring seats properly and securely. All four O-rings must be properly aligned and not "pinched." The preceding instructions must be performed on each user-serviceable O-ring prior to each dive day and, if possible, prior to each dive. By f[...]

O-ring lubricant www.butkus.us[...]

TIPS ON CAMERA CARE 1. After using the camera underwater, rinse it in fresh water with the camera back closed and the lens mounted. When the camera/lens assembly gets dirty, rinse it thoroughly in fresh water. lmmediately after using it in salt water, rinse it thoroughly in f resh water to remove any residue. Otherwise, corrosion may occur in minut[...]

I 9. Store the camera and lens away from high temperatures, high humidity, naphthalene, and camphor. lf the camera will not be used for more than two weeks, remove the battery or batteries. Do not leave the battery or batteries in the battery chamber for a long time or the contacts may become contaminated. lt is a good idea to periodically clean th[...]

BASIC OPERATIONS ll Remove fhe botterY t' clip +l . Turn the camera upside down and use a coin to twist the lid counter' clockwise to unscrew it. Note: The small numbers in the circles identify parts of the camera as /lsted ln the NOM ENCLAT U RE SECIION, , Insfoll lhe bottery -' oJ bolteries. Wipe the battery terminals clean and ins[...]

A Mount the lens g . T' With the silver lens focusing knob @ positioned vertically in front of the viewfinder @ (when mounting the LW-Nikkor lens, hold the silver mounting ring with.the red dot facing up), push the lens firmly into the camera's bayonet mount. Turn the lens 90o clockwise until the lens positioning pins @ click and lock int[...]

.-BASIC OPERATIONS - conlinued E Unlock qnd open v' lhe cometq bqck ao. While depressing the orange camera back release/lock button @, lift up the camera back release/ lock latch @, turn it in the direction of the arrow on the camera body (counterclockwise), and align the red camera back release/lock mark @on the latch with the white camera ba[...]

oThe film pressure plate is attached to the camera body to protect the shuttel curtains from water and other foreign matter when the camera back is open. Because the pressure plate is spring- loaded, it will automatically return to its original position when you remove your finger. oAny 35mm film cartridge Q|SS type) available on the market can be [...]

f *-BASIC OPERATIONS - continued e Engoge the film's v. peiforqtions with lhe sprockel teelh. Advance the takeuP sPool slightlY with your finger to engage the film's perforations with the teeth of the takeup sPool and the sprockets@. O Unlock lhe shutfer z' releose butfon 5 , Move the shutter release lock lever @ out of the "L&q[...]

tltl Confirm thol lhe r I r film is properly looded. Confirm that the perforations on both film edges are securely en- gaged with the sprocket teeth, that the film is located properly be- tween both film guide rails @, and that there is no film slack. F, Refurn fhe film l-r prsssute plole lo ils originol posilion. Let the film pressure plate swing [...]

BASIC OPERATIONS - continued iA^ Close ond lock ler ffts cometo bock. Before closing the camera back, make sure the red mark on lhe camera back release/lock latch is aligned with the white camera back release index on the camera body. Then f irmly Press the camera back against the camera bodY (tne camera back release/lock latch will move clockwise)[...]

tA Set lhe shutfer tv'speed/mode seleclor diol@ fo "A"(for qulomolic exposure operolionl. For rapid film loading, align the "A" on the shutter soeed/mode selec- tor dial @ with the shutter speed/ mode index before making blank exposures. Until the f rame counter reaches "1," the shutter will be automatically relea[...]

-BASIC OPERATIONS - continued ia Moke blonk rrI gaposuresuntil the frome counter a4-' shows f rome t"l.t' Continue to dePress the shutter release button and wind the film advance lever until the f rame counter shows "1." While making these blank exposures, watch the rewind knob to see that it rotates. This indicates that th[...]

19. Set the ASA/ISO film speed. Lift up the f ilm speed dial@, rotate it in either direction until the ASA/ ISO film speed is opposite the white ASA/lSO film speed index @, then make sure the dial is fully seated at the desired oosition. This programs the camera's exposure meter so that it may provide a proper exposure for the speed of the fil[...]

F ti t =l lJ J BASIC OPERATIONS - continued 21.|$:[borferv Be sure to check batterY Power before shooting. Point the lens at a brightly lit area, look through the viewfinder eye- piece@, and check to see that the viewfinder LED indicator(s) lights up or blinks. lt is not possible to check battery power when the shutter soeed/mode selector dial is s[...]

Aperture Setting Guide (Shooting on land al ASA/ISO 100) oWhen the aperture is changed, the shutter speed selected by the camera and the depth of field change accor- dingly. Both affect the look of your photographs. ln underwater photography, aperture selection varies depending upon the shooting situation. For more informa- tion, see page 39 or 45.[...]

:*-- BASIC OPERATIONS - continued { t; ii 'sw. $**" v (-- I L...............'............'..................................._ ., -Jl U- -IJ 3 n r--r--r Sffi J ;t A Hold lhe comero 3lrt steody. Many blurred shots are caused by improperly holding the camera The best way to prevent camera blur is to hold the camera steady. B[...]

I t J 26. Toke the picture. Look through the view- finder and depress the shutter release button halfway. The shutter speed, determined by the subject's brightness, is indicated by the viewfinder LED. lf any LED shutter speed indicator between 1000 and 30 lights, gently depress the shut- ter release button completely. lf either the LED overexo[...]

Igns|c OPERAT IONS - conf inued 28' 33lTo",ii'"T5' seleclor diol to "R." After the last exPosure has been made, the film advance lever will not advance further and the f rame counter will indicate that all f rames have been exposed. You must then rewind the exposed film back into its cartridge. To do this, first t[...]

?^ll Remove the film ru r I corttidge. Do not remove the film cartridge in direct sunlight. Open the camera back by follow- ing the directions in Step S (tne frame counter will automatically return to "S")and remove the film cartridge. Then close and lock the camera by following the directions in Step 13. . Do not store the removed film c[...]

CONTROLS IN DETAIL Shutter Speed / Mode Selecfor Diol @ The Nikonos-V offers aperture-priority automattc mode ooeration and manual control of all shutter speeds from 1/30 to '111000sec., including the M9O (tlgosec.), B (Bulb), and R (Rewind) settings. All shutter speeds from 1/30 to 1/10OOsec., excluding MgO (1/90sec.) and B (Bulb), are electr[...]

Manual (tlgO to 1/1000sec.) Used for full manual controlof both f/stop and shutter speed. All six shutter speeds indicated on the dial are available with timing accuracy assured by a quartz oscillator. Each number shown on the scale is recio- rocal, i.e., 1000 means 1/1000 second, 125 means 1/125 second, etc. A one-step change will either halve or [...]

"-CONTROLS lN DETAIL- continued Aperture Setting The aperture controls the amount of light passing through the lens. When moving f rom one f/stop to the next, the amount of light is either halved or doubled. For example, to halve the amount of light, rotate the lens aperture knob (in the case of the LW-Nikkor, rotate the aperture ring) until t[...]

TTL Metering System The Nikonos-V uses a (through-the-lens) TTL center- weighted stopped-down metering system which measures the light passing through the lens to deter- mine the correct exposure. When the shutter release button is depressed halfway, activating the exposure meter, the camera's micro- computer automatically selects the shutter [...]

* - CONTROLS lN DETAIl-continued Viewfinder r+ The high-eyepoint viewfinder allows you to place your eye up to 40mm away f rom the eyepiece, so that the entire f ield of view can be seen while wearing a diver's mask, goggles, or safety glasses. The built-in frame lines indicate the area of coverage for the normal 35mm lens, the parallax correc[...]

Shooting in the Aperture-Priority Aufomqtic Exposure Mode To use the aperture-priority automatic exposure mode, perform the following procedures: 1. Set the shutter soeed/mode selector dial to "A" (Ruto). 2.furn the lens aperture knob (in the case of the LW- Nikkor, turn its aperture ring) to the desired aper- ture setting. Intermediate a[...]

;CONTROLS lN DETA|L-continued Overexposure warning ject is too bright). Therefore, set the lens to its smallest available aperture (the largest f-number). lf, after that, the arrow is still blinking, either use a neutral density filter or change to a film with a lower ASA/lSO film soeed. lf the LED underexposure warning arrow (;)blinks, the exposur[...]

F lF shutter,speed u u set on dial Correct shutter speed t J Shooting in fhe Monuol Exposure Mode The following procedures apply when you want to: o Select your own aperture and shutter speed. o Use an expbsure other than what the viewfinder LEDs indicate. o Use the "8" (Bulb)setting. . Use a Nikon Speedlight other than the SB-103, SB-102[...]

'=CONTROLS lN DETAIL- continued aperture (a larger f-number). lf the arrow continues to blink even when the shutter speed/mode selector dial is set to "1000" (1/1O0Osec.) and the lens is set to its smallest aperture (the largest f-number), either use a neutral density filter or change to a film with a lower ASA/lSO film speed. lf the[...]

How fo select fhe f/stop ond shutler speed Exposure is determined by the combination of shutter speed and aperture. As the numbers on either the aperture scale or shutter speed/mode selector dial increase by one increment, the amount of light strik- ing the film is reduced by approximately one half. For example, the amount of light at 1/250sec. is [...]

;CONTROLS lN DETAll-confinued Shutler Releose Lever @ This convenient lever prevents film wastage and inadvertent battery drain caused by accidentaly de- pressing the shutter release button when the camera is not in use. When storing or carrying the camera, lock the shutter release button by sliding the lever to the "L" position. To unloc[...]

I I I J release the shutter. Also avoid shaking or moving the camera when releasing the shutter. .When you release the shutter at "4" in a very dark place or with the front lens cap on, the shutter curtain may remain open. lf this happens, turn the shutter speed/mode selector dial to another setting to c/ose the shutter. oThe shutter will[...]

CONTROLS lN DETAIL-continued Frome counrer i-4, To accommodate all commercially availabte film cartridges, the Nikonos-V frame counter goes up to 36. The "S" appears automatically as soon as the camera back is opened and signifies the "START" position. There are two dots between "S" and " 1 " to indicate blan[...]

Film Advonce Lever C The film advance lever on the Nikonos-V operates in the same manner as that of a regular 35mm camera. To cock the shutter and advance the film to the next f rame, stroke the lever counterclockwise until it stops. When you remove your finger, the lever will auto- matically return. The lever is ratcheted, so it may be operated in[...]

-CONTROLS lN DETA|L-confinued Exposure Compensation in the A mode: To make an exoosure comoensation with the ASA/lSO film soeed scale, determine the film speed that corre- sponds to the desired exposure compensation value by using the following chart. For example, to make a + 1 exposure compensation when using ASA/lSO 100 film, reset the ASA/lSO fi[...]

Depth Of Field When you shoot at a certain aperture and focusing distance, you will find that not only the main subject but also objects within a certain range in front and behind it will be sharp in the final photograph. This "in-focus zone" is known as depth of field. Objects beyond this range become increasingly out of focus. Because t[...]

ffi'ffifUTROL$ lN DETAIL - confinued Different Depths Of Field tl22-Deep depth of f ield[...]

Lock Sysfem Comero Bock Lock Syslem This newly designed system allows quick and easy film loading in the normal 35mm camera way. To allow the camera back to be opened or closed in a minimum amount of tirhe, a quick-release camera back release/lock latch @ is employed. lt can be opened after turning it 90o in the direction of the arrow on the camera[...]

Instead of being attached to the camera back, the Nikonos-V's pressure plate is attached to the inside of the camera and is hinged This style pressure plate uses a safety catch to keep the film flat, and to protect the shutter curtains from accidental splashes or foreign matter when the camera back is open. By placing your right forefinger on [...]

I I A standard tripod socket is located in the camera's baseplate f or attachment of the brackets f or the Nikonos Underwater Speedlights SB-103, SB-102 and SB-101. A regular tripod can also be used for shooting on land at slow shutter speeds or when making time EXDOSUTES. 49 www.butkus.us[...]

FLASH PHOTOGRAPHY lC printed circuit board Light path Shutter curtain Metering reflector Except at shallow depths, a speedlight is a must when shooting underwater because it restores the subject's natural colors. A speedlight is also convenient as a main light source at night and in dim light as well as a supplemental light source to f ill in [...]

The Nikonos-V, which has only an X-contact, synchro- nizes with speedlights when the shutter speed set is 1/90sec. or slower. (Shutter speed sync ranges are shown in the following chart.) oWhen connecting a special electronic flash unit with a provL sion for time lag, set the shutter speed at 1/60sec. or slower depending upon the time lag. oConnect[...]

FLASH PHOTOGRAPHY- conlinued The f lash socket is located in the camera's baseplate just below the anatomical grip. Use a coin to unscrew the f lash socket cover @. Like the battery chamber cover, it has an O-ring to make it watertight. Once the cover is removed, electrical connection between the camera and the Nikonos Speedlight SB-103, SB-10[...]

LJ Accessory Shos ts Built into the top of the vrewfinder, the Nikonos-V's accessory shoe accepts the following accessories: 1. Four ootical viewfinders: DF-11 for UW-Nikkor 15mm f/2.8N', DF-12 for the UW-Nikkor 20mm Il2B (and lor UW-Nikkor 28mm f/3.5 via mounting mask); DF-10 for Nikkor B0mm f l4', and "Optical Viewfinder for U[...]

FLASH PHOTOGRT'HY-confinued Comero mefer, shutfer speed, ond reody-light The relationship between the recycling of the flash unit, the camera's shutter speed, and the ready-light (it tfre flash unit provides a ready-light indication) is shown below. o lf the shutter speed/mode selector dial is set at "A" or at any shutter speed [...]

It tl N ikonos-V/Speedl i ght Combi notion Chort Underwater (also usable on land) sB-103 Direct YeS TTLi manual sB-102 Direct YeS TTL/auto/manual sB-101 Direct YeS Auto/manual On land sB-17/SB-164/58-12 Via V-Type Sync Cord + AS 6 YeS Auto/manual* S8.18/SB.168/58 15 Via V-Type Sync Cord Yes TTL/auto/manual* S8.19/SB.E Via V-Type Sync Cord Yes Auto [...]

FLASH PHOTOGRAPHY- continued Doylight fill-in flosh shooting When shooting in daylight, a backlit subject may come out almost as a silhouette if the background is cor- rectly exposed. lJ, on the other hand, exposure com- pensation is made to correctly expose the sublect, the background may be washed out. To lill in the shadows and balance the illum[...]

EV Chort At ASA/lSO 100, the exposure range of the Nikonos-V 6 from EV 8 (1/30sec. at f/2.8)to EV 19 (t/t000sec. attl2D.The ranges at various film speeds are shown rn the chart. For example, the range at ASA/lSO 100 s in pink, the range at ASA/ISO 25 is indicated by blue lines, and the range at ASA/ISO 400 is indicated EV itlltth,-4if1iL.f rl ASA/|[...]

TIPS ON UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY I The results you will obtain when shooting underwater depend upon the transparency of the water, the shooting depth, whether or not objects are floating near your subject, the condition of the light' and several other factors. To take good underwater photos, you must have a basic knowledge of under- water photog[...]

&,'. Focusing The distance scales on the interchangeable lenses for the Nikonos-V are correct for on-land use. When using these lenses underwater, therefore, you must set the distance scale to 3/4 of the actual or measured camera-to-subject distance. For example, if the actual or measured camera-to-subject distance is 1.33m (+.gtt), the di[...]

TIPS ON UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY- continued- Woter's effects on colors The farther you descend from the water's surface, the more the selective filtration and light absorption of the water reduce visibility. Red is the first color to be absorbed, orange and yellow follow close behind (refer to the chart). At '10m (33ft), everything tak[...]

I Shooting with sunlight Good underwater photography requires good lighting, such as sunlight. But the amount of sunlight that enters the water depends upon the position of the sun. The maximum amount of light enters the water when the sun is directly overhead. lf the angle between the sun and the water's surface is at least 45o, though, more [...]

I-TIPS ON UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY- continuedj Comero posilioning For normal shooting, hold the camera horizontally for subject lighting witn good contrast (illustration +4). Whenever possible, avoid shooting straight down on the subject (illustration #1), the sunlight will be behind the camera, resulting in f lat, low-contrast lighting. As it is on [...]

I I re Ut re 0l ,t t(- )t 1'l ;e I I I I I Film choice Using film with a speed of ASA/lSO 400 or higher will allow you to use faster shutter speeds, thereby mini- mizing the effects of camera movement as much as possible. When to use a speedlight 1) To restore naturalcolors to the subiect When shooting color film without a speedlight, your pho[...]

-TIPS ON UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY- CONIINUEd - Flosh shooting lips To prevent light from being scattered by suspended particles and then being reflected directly back into the lens, position the flash head as far away from the lens as possible. lf necessary, remove the flash from its brackdt and hold it off to the side and slightly above the subject.[...]

A*CES$ORIH$ Nikono$ Speedf ight SB-'l03 A compact version of the field-proven SB-102, this new direct-mounting unit has automatic through-the- tens (TTL) f lash exposure control (with the Nikonos-V) as well as manual. Thanks to TTL automatic flash output control, the range of useable apertures widens to make photography easier than ever. Area [...]

- ACCESSORIES - confinued Nikonos SB-402 This powerful (GN 32) and versatile speedlight offers TTL (with the Nikonos-V), Auto (useable with the option- al Sensor Unit SU-101) and manual f lash controls. Like the SB-103, area of coverage is that of a 28mm lens; with the Wide-Flash Adapter SW-102 (provided), area of coverage increases to that oJ a 15[...]

NikOnOs InterChCnoeobrp i pn5e'. RelationShip between ptc?rtrr, .r:i;"trs-' r": srnolh www.butkus.us[...]

ACCESSORI ES - confinued Uw-Nikkor 'l5mm f /2.8N, Uw-Nikkor 20 mm t12.8, ond Uw-Nikkor 28 mm f /3.5 Designed exclusively for underwater use, these UW-Nikkor lenses can be used to a depth oJ 50mm (toOtt). The optics are corrected exclusively for underwater aberrations and provide excellent under- water photographs. Also, Nikon Integrated Coatin[...]

UW-Nikkor 15 mm f /2 BN mounted on Nikonos-V with Optical Viewf inder DF-11 UW-Nikkor 20mm tl2.B mounted on Nikonos-V with Optical Viewfinder DF-12 UW-Nikkor 28mm f/3 5 www.butkus.us[...]

This, the standard lens for the Nikonos-V, can be used both on land and underwater to a depth of 50 m (roott) NIC is applied to internal air-to-glass surfaces to minimize ghost images and flare and ensure high- resolution images, The optical elements are sealed with a watertight front element and the lens barrel features a special spring-loaded mou[...]

Nikkor 80mm tl{ Designed for maximum performance both on land and underwater, this medium telephoto lens can go to a depth of 50 m (160 ft) N lC is applied to internal air-to-glass sllrfaces to minimize ghost images and flare and produce high- resolution images. ln addition, a plastic f rame f inder (for underwater use) and optical viewf inder D F-[...]

ACCESSORIES - conlinued Lw-Nikkor 28mm t12.8 Designed exclusively for use on land, this lens is water-resistant, not waterproof, and cannot be sub- merged in water. Useful for regular snapshots and landscapes, this lens is ideal for shooting under harsh conditions, Such as in rain or Snow, or while skiing, mountain climbing, boatihg, etc. All aberr[...]

Nikonos Close -Up Outfii Because of the incredible variety of aquatic life, half the fun of underwater photography is in taking close- ups. To simplify the process, use the Nikonos Close- Up Outf it. lt consists of a single close-up attachment lens, three field f rames, and a f rame support bracket. The close-up lens screws into the front of either[...]

ACCESSORIES r continued Accessory Viewfinders Accessory viewfinders are available for certain Nikonos lenses to help you determine the f ield of view rapidly. Plastic frame finders let you f rame moving subjects quickly and accurately while your eye is removed from the viewfinder. Optical Viewfinder DF.11: For exclusive use with the UW-Nikkor 15 mm[...]

Nikon off ers a f ull range of accessories for both under- water and on land picture-taking with the Nikonos-V In addition to the lenses, f lash units, optical viewf inders (glass and plastic), and close-up outf it already men- tioned, the following accessories are available: This combination lens hood/filter adapter for the W-Nikkor 35 mm 112.5 an[...]

ACCHSSORIES ru continued LenE Sases Three types of leatherette lens cases are available for the Nikonos-V's lenses. The Lens case cL-51 accepts the Nikkor 80mm Il4 lens; the Lens Case cL-50A accepts either the UW-Nikkor 28mm f/3.5 or the w-Nikkor 35mm t12.5 lens. For the Lw-Nikkor 28 mm ',12.8, both the Lens Case CL-30S and the Flexible L[...]

G o In normal use, a battery's lifespan is about one year. The battery packed with this camera, how- ever, is for test purposes only so its lifespan may be shorter than usual. o Never disassemble batteries or disoose of them by burning. o Battery power falls off in extremely cold temper- I atures and this may cause the camera to cease to I ope[...]

SPECIFICATIONS Type of camera: Electronically controlled 35mm amphibious focal plane shutter camera Construction: Body made of die-cast.aluminum alloy and reinforced plastic; all joints sealed by O-ring gaskets to ensure absolute watertightness; camera able to withstand pressures up to 6kg/cm2 (B5lb/in2)at a depth of 50m (160ft) Useable film: Stand[...]

: * Flash synchronization: X-sync only via flash socket in camera's base; synchronizes at 'll9Osec. or slower; with Nikonos Speedlights SB-'103, SB-102 and SB-101, shutter speed automatically switches to 1/90sec. when shutter speed/mode selector dial is at "A" or al1l125 or higher in manual mode; at 1/60sec. or slower on ma[...]