GE 90-30 PLC Bedienungsanleitung

GE F anuc Automation Programmable Control Pr oducts TCP/IP Ethernet Communications for the Series 90 -30 PLC User’s Manual GFK -1084B August, 1997[...]

GFL–002 W arnings, Cautions, and Notes as Used in this P ublication W ar ning W arning notices ar e used in this publication to emphasize that hazardous voltages, curr ents, temperatur es, or other conditions that could cause personal injury exist in this equipment or may be associated with its use. In situations wher e inattention could cause ei[...]

iii GFK -1084B Pr eface Content of This Manual Chapter 1. Introduction: Discusses the TCP/IP Ethernet Interface, its communications capabilities, and generally how to get your system running. Also included is a quick guide to the manual. Chapter 2. Installing the TCP/IP Ethernet Inter face: Describes the basic features of the TCP/IP Ether net Inter[...]

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Contents viii GFK -1084B T CP/IP Ether net Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 F igure 1-1. Ethernet Communications System 1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F igure 1-2. The Main T asks for Installing the Ether net Inter face 1-4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [...]

Contents ix GFK -1084B T CP/IP Ether net Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 T able 2-1. Problems During P ower -Up 2-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T able 3-1. T ime Unit V alues for Read/W rite Repetition P eriod 3-12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . [...]

1 Chapter section level 1 figure bi level 1 table_big level 1 figure_ap level 1 table_ap level 1 1-1 GFK -1084B Introduction This manual describes the Ether net Interface (IC693CMM321) for the Series 90-30 PLC. This chapter provides an overview of the Ether net Inter face and covers the following topics. The Ethernet Inter face, How to Make the Sys[...]

1 1-2 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual – August 1997 GFK -1084B Capabilities of the Ethernet Interface The Ether net Inter face brings to your PLC a great deal of capability . It will allow you to: Become operational quickly . The Ether net Inter face is made operational with very little effort. Y ou need only install the Inter fa[...]

1 1-3 GFK -1084B Chapter 1 Introduction Attachment of the Ethernet Inter face to the LAN The A A UI port provides the electrical and mechanical inter face to the user-provided Ether net transceiver cable, which connects the A A UI port to an external user -provided transceiver . (The transceiver cable may be separate or built-in to the transceiver [...]

1 1-4 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual – August 1997 GFK -1084B The PC Software Loader The PC Software Loader is a separate software utility which updates the communications software stored in “ flash” memory in the Ether net Inter face. This utility is supplied with any updates to the Ethernet Interface software. How to Make [...]

1 1-5 GFK -1084B Chapter 1 Introduction Quick Guide to the Manual The table below breaks down the tasks shown in Figure 1-2 and identifies where in the manual they are described. T asks Where to go in the Manual Installing the Interface Chapter 2. Installing the Ethernet Inter face P rocedure 1. Installing the Interface Configuring the Interface P [...]

2 Chapter 2-1 GFK -1084B Installing the Ether net Interface This chapter describes the basic features of the Ether net Interface, its installation, config- uration, and a procedure for its initial checkout on your Ether net cable. The chapter first provides a hardware overview of the Ether net Inter face. It is then divided into four Installation P[...]

2 2-2 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B CMM 321 ETHERNET INTERF ACE OK LAN SER ST A T SER a45481c OK LAN REST ART SOFTWARE PORT ST A T SERIAL NUMBER LABEL TRANSCEIVER PORT ST A TION MANAGER PORT ST A TION ADDRESS LABEL LOADER (PORT 1) (PORT 2) AAUI Figure 2-1. Ethernet Inter face The Ether net Interface has s[...]

2 2-3 GFK -1084B Chapter 2 Installing the Ethernet Interface Board Indicators There are four LEDs on the Ether net Inter face: OK, LAN, SER, and ST A T . Each of these LEDs can be ON, OFF , BLINKING slow , or BLINKING fast. They indicate the state of the Inter face, traffic on the network port (LAN ONLINE LED), and that an ex ception event has occu[...]

2 2-4 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Notes Reloading the Ethernet Interface requires the attachment of the PC Software Loader to the Software Loader port and initiating a load with the PC Software Loader . The PC Software Loader is a separate software utility which updates the communications software in th[...]

2 2-5 GFK -1084B Chapter 2 Installing the Ethernet Interface A AUI (T ransceiver) Port The 14-pin A A UI port provides the electrical and mechanical interface to the user -pro- vided IEEE 802.3 transceiver cable, which connects the A A UI P ort to an external Ether- net-compatible transceiver (see Appendix B for the characteristics of the A A UI P [...]

2 2-6 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Procedur e 1: I n s t a l l i n g t h e E t h e rn e t I n t e r f a c e i n t h e P L C This section describes the physical mounting of the Ether net Inter face onto the Series 90-30 PLC baseplate. F or information on the installation procedures for the baseplate, Seri[...]

2 2-7 GFK -1084B Chapter 2 Installing the Ethernet Interface 4. V isually inspect the module to be sure that it is properly seated. 5. Remove the front cover of the Interface. 6. Connect the transceiver cable into the 14-pin A A UI P ort of the Ether net Inter face. Secure the cable. The other end of the transceiver cable should be connected to an [...]

2 2-8 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Procedur e 2a: Configuring the Ether net Interface with Logicmaster 90-30 Configuration Softwar e Before you can use the Ether net Inter face with the Series 90-30 PLC, you must configure the Interface using Logicmaster 90-30 configuration software or CIMPLICITY Con- tr[...]

2 2-9 GFK -1084B Chapter 2 Installing the Ethernet Interface 3. P ress ethnet ( F2 ) . Y our screen display will change to the one shown below . 4. P ress Enter to select the Ether net Interface. Y ou will then see the screen shown on the following page.[...]

2 2-10 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Configuration Mode: This is cur rently fixed as TCP/IP . Status Address: The Status A ddress is the location of the LAN Inter face Status (LIS) bits (16 bits) and the Channel Status bits (64 bits). The Channel Status bits are always located immediately following the LA[...]

2 2-11 GFK -1084B Chapter 2 Installing the Ethernet Interface However , if you have no network administrator and a simple isolated network with no gateways, you can use the following range of values for the assignment of local IP ad- dresses: 3.0.0.1 F irst PLC 3.0.0.2 Second PLC 3.0.0.3 Third PLC .. .. .. 3.0.0.255 Logicmaster TCP or host Also, on[...]

2 2-12 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B The Logicmaster 90-30 Configurator also allows you to optionally configure the Data Rate, P arity , Stop Bits, Flow Control, T urn-around Delay , and T imeout for each of the two serial ports (Station Manager P ort and Software Loader P ort. The defaults for both ports[...]

. l-l 2 Procedure 2b: Configuring the Ethernet Interface using COMPLICITY Control Before you can use the Ethernet Interface with the Series 90-30 PLC, you must configure the Interface using CIMPLCITY@ Control or Logicmaster TM 90-30 configuration soft- ware. The CIMPLICITY Control software allows you to specify the modules and I/O that will reside [...]

4. In the Module Catalog dialog box, click the Communications tab, select IC693CMM321 Ethernet Interface, then click the OK button. The Parameters dialog box will appear: 5. This dialog box will allow you to edit the module’s parameters. To edit a parameter value, click in the appropriate Values field. The details of the Settings tab are as follo[...]

2 2-15 GFK -1084B Chapter 2 Installing the Ethernet Interface 3.0.0.1 F irst PLC 3.0.0.2 Second PLC 3.0.0.3 Third PLC .. .. .. 3.0.0.255 Logicmaster TCP or host On an isolated network , the Subnet Mask, Gateway IP address, and Name Server IP address can all be 0.0.0.0. Note If the isolated network is ever connected to another network, the IP addres[...]

0 2 8. If you want to view the power consumption of this module, click the Power Consumption tab. After you have configured all of the module’s applicable parameters, click the OK button. The module will now appear in the selected slot: 2-16 TCP/lP Ethernet Communications UserS Manual -August 1997 GFK1084B Refer to GFK- 1295, Using CIMPLlCHY Cont[...]

2 2-17 GFK -1084B Chapter 2 Installing the Ethernet Interface Procedur e 3: V erifying Proper P ower -Up of the Ethernet Interface P owering-up the Ethernet Inter face A fter configuring the Inter face as explained in Procedure 2, follow the procedure below to verify that the Ethernet Interface is operating cor rectly . 1. T ur n power OFF to the P[...]

2 2-18 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Diagnostics Pass? No Ye s W aiting for Configuration from PLC CPU (max. 2 minutes) Done – Uses user defined Advanced Parameters – Full support for client and server capability – Uses default Advanced Parameters – Client and server capability disabled Operationa[...]

2 2-19 GFK -1084B Chapter 2 Installing the Ethernet Interface T able 2-1. Problems During P ower -Up LED P atter n Wher e Stopped P ossible Cause Cor r ective Actions OK (Off) LAN (Off) SER (Off) ST A T (Off) A Hardwar e F ailur e F atal Hardware Er ror . Mak e sure the PLC has power . Examine PLC Fault T able for clues.* Recheck configuration. P o[...]

2 2-20 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Procedur e 4: P in g i n g T C P / I P E t h e r n e t I n t e r f a c e s o n t h e N e t w o r k PING (P ack et InterNet Grouper) is the name of a program used on TCP/IP networks to test reachability of destinations by sending them an ICMP echo request message and wa[...]

3 Chapter 3-1 GFK -1084B Programming Communications R equests This chapter describes how to program PLC to PLC communications over the Ether net Network. Details of the COMMREQ function and the Channel commands are pres- ented here. The chapter is divided into 5 sections: Section 1: The Communications Request Section 2: The COMMREQ F unction Block [...]

3 3-2 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Section 1: The Communications R equest “ Communications Request” is a term used to describe all the user elements required for correctly initiating Channel Commands from a Series 90 PLC. This section describes the elements of the Communications Request. No programmi[...]

3 3-3 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests COMMREQ Function Block The COMMREQ F unction Block is the ladder instruction that triggers the ex ecution of the Channel Command. In the COMMREQ F unction Block, you specify the rack and slot location of the Ethernet Inter face and a pointer to a location in memor y that con- tains the[...]

3 3-4 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Status Data There are several types of status available to the client PLC logic program. LAN Inter face Status Bits (LIS Bits): The LIS bits comprise bits 1-16 of an 80-bit status area. The location of this 80-bit status area is assigned using the Logicmaster 90 Configu[...]

3 3-5 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests Operation of the Communications R equest The figure and text below explains how a Communications Request is e x ecuted. The figure specifically illustrates the operation of an Establish Read Channel Command. Client Series 90–70 PLC CPU Backplane Ethernet Interface Server Ethernet Int[...]

3 3-6 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Section 2: The COMMREQ F unction Block and Command Block This section describes the programming structures common to all Communications Requests: the COMMREQ F unction Block and the Command Block. The COMMREQ F unction Block The Communications Request is triggered when [...]

3 3-7 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests T ASK: This must always be set to zero for the Ether net Interface Caution Entering a number other than zero for T ASK may cause the Ethernet Interface to fail. FT Output: The FT output is set if the PLC (rather than the Ethernet Interface) detects that the COMMREQ fails. In this case,[...]

3 3-8 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B COMMREQ Status Word: The Ether net Inter face updates the CRS word to show success or failure of the command. Command words 3 and 4 specify the PLC memory location of the CRS word. (W ord 3) COMMREQ Status Word P ointer Memor y T ype: This word specifies the memor y typ[...]

3 3-9 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests Section 3: Channel Commands This section describes the Channel Commands. A detailed description and e xample of each channel command is included. There are five Channel Commands. 1. Establish Read Channel 2. Establish W rite Channel 3. Send Information Report 4. Abort Channel 5. Retrie[...]

3 3-10 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Retrieving Detailed Status on the Channel As discussed before, there are several for ms of status available to the ladder program. These are all discussed in Section 4. One form of status is obtained through the Retrieve Detailed Channel Status (RDC S) command describe[...]

3 3-11 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests Establish Read Channel (2003) The Establish Read Channel Command requests that a channel be associated with a remote PLC and that data from the remote PLC be transferred (periodically) to the local PLC. The Command Block specifies the period, the number of reads from the remote to per[...]

3 3-12 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B (W ord 8) Channel Number: W ord 8 specifies the channel to be used for the read. This value must be in the range of 1 to 16. If the channel is out of range, a command error indication will be placed in the COMMREQ Status word. If the channel number is the same as a cha[...]

3 3-13 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests When the read period is ver y long (minutes or hours). In this case a shorter timeout value can be specified so the application doesn’t have to wait for the read period to expire before taking action. (W ord 13) Local PLC - Memory T ype: W ords 13-14 specify the location in the loca[...]

3 3-14 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B (W ord 17) R emote PLC - Number of Memor y Units: W ord 17 specifies the number of bits, bytes or words to be read, determined by the remote PLC memor y type specified. F or example, if the memor y type is %I in bit mode this is the number of bits. If the memor y type [...]

3 3-15 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests Example 2 Command Block–Example using a Network Address Name This example is the same as e xample 1 ex cept that the Network Address name of the Remote PLC (“ PLC_1aa”) is used instead of its IP address. F or more infor mation on Network A ddress names, see Appendix F . Establis[...]

3 3-16 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B W ord 52 - 55 Remote PLC - P rogram Name (needed for access to remote %P or %L) (zero terminated and padded) W ord 56 - 59 Remote PLC - Program Block (needed for access to remote %L) (zero ter minated and padded) * W ord 4 (CRS word address) is the only zero -based add[...]

3 3-17 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests Note The Program Name (words 52 - 55) and P rogram Block Name (words 56 - 59) must have each pair of ASCII characters reversed within the PLC memor y . F or example, the name “MAR Y” (“M” = 4dH, “ A ” = 41H, “ R” = 52H, “Y” = 59H) would have 414dH in the first word[...]

3 3-18 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Establish Write Channel (2004) The Establish W rite Channel command requests that a channel be connected to a remote PLC and that data from the local PLC be transferred (periodically) to the remote PLC. The Command Block specifies the period, the number of writes to th[...]

3 3-19 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests (W ord 8) Channel Number: W ord 8 specifies the channel to be used for the write. This value must be in the range of 1 to 16. If the channel is out of range, a command error indication will be placed in the COMMREQ Status word. If the channel number is the same as a channel already in[...]

3 3-20 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B (W ord 14) Local PLC - Memory Star ting Address: W ord 14 specifies the starting address in the local PLC from which the data is to be written (1-based). (W ord 15) Remote PLC - Memor y T ype: W ords 15-16 specify the memor y type and starting address in the remote PLC[...]

3 3-21 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests Example 2 Command Block–Example using a Network Address name This example is the same as e xample 1 ex cept that the Network Address name of the Remote PLC (“ PLC_1aa”) is used instead of its IP address. F or more infor mation on Network A ddress names, see Appendix F . Establis[...]

3 3-22 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B W ord 52 - 55 Remote PLC - P rogram Name (needed for access to remote %P or %L) (zero terminated and padded) W ord 56 - 59 Remote PLC - Program Block (needed for access to remote %L) (zero ter minated and padded) * W ord 4 (CRS word address) is the only zero -based add[...]

3 3-23 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests Note The Program Name (words 52 - 55) and P rogram Block Name (words 56 - 59) must have each pair of ASCII characters reversed within the PLC memor y . F or example, the name “MAR Y” (“M” = 4dH, “ A ” = 41H, “ R” = 52H, “Y” = 59H) would have 414dH in the first word[...]

3 3-24 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Send Information R eport (2010) The Send Infor mation Report COMMREQ requests that a particular block of memory within the PLC CPU reference tables be transferred periodically from an Ether net Inter face (SR TP Client) to a Host Application SR TP Server . The Command [...]

3 3-25 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests (W ord 8) Channel Number: W ord 8 specifies the channel to be used for the send. This value must be in the range of 1 to 16. If the channel is out of range, a command error indication will be placed in the COMMREQ Status word. If the channel number is the same as a channel already in [...]

3 3-26 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B (W ord 14) Local PLC - Memory Star ting Address: W ord 14 specifies the starting address in the local PLC from which the data is to be sent (1-based). (W ord 15) Local PLC - Number of Memory Units: W ord 15 specifies the number of memor y units that are to be transfer [...]

3 3-27 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests Example 2 Command Block–Example using a Network Address name This example is the same as e xample 1 ex cept that the Network Address name of the Remote PLC (“ PLC_1aa”) is used instead of its IP address. F or more infor mation on Network A ddress names, see Appendix F . Establis[...]

3 3-28 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B W ord 29 00000 (0000) Remote Host - Network address name, char 19-20 W ord 30 00000 (0000) Remote Host - Network address name, char 21-22 W ord 31 00000 (0000) Remote Host - Network address name, char 23-23 W ord 32 00000 (0000) Remote Host - Network address name, char[...]

3 3-29 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests Abor t Channel (2001) The Abort Channel command immediately disconnects an active channel from its remote PLC and renders the channel idle. The Channel T ransfer bit, the Channel Er ror bit, and the Detailed Channel Status words for the channel are set to zero. Example Command Block A[...]

3 3-30 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Retrieve Detailed Channel Status (2002) The Retrieve Detailed Channel Status command requests that the current Detailed Channel Status words be returned for a channel. The Detailed Channel Status words contain an active/inactive channel indicator and the last channel e[...]

3 3-31 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests (W ord 10) Local PLC - Memory Star ting Address: Starting address to store the Detailed Channel Status words. F or more information on detailed channel status, see Section 4. Note F or the Abort Channel and Retrieve Detailed Channel Status commands, no actual data is transmitted on th[...]

3 3-32 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Section 4: Status Data This section describes all the status data that is available to the ladder program to deter- mine the state of the Ethernet Inter face and its channels. T ypes of Status Data There are four main types of status data available to your ladder progr[...]

3 3-33 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests The COMMREQ Status word (CRS word) is returned from the Ether net Interface to the CPU immediately if the Command Block contains a syntax error or if the command is local. F or remote commands with no syntax er ror , it is retur ned either after the chan- nel is established successful[...]

3 3-34 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B T able 3-3. Status Bits (LIS Bits and Channel Status Bits) Status Bits Brief Description 1-6 Reser ved 7 Serial P ort #2 Fuse Blown 8 A A UI F use Blown 9 Any Channel Error (error on any channel) 10 Reser ved 11 Reser ved 12 Reser ved 13 LAN OK 14 Resource Problem 15 R[...]

3 3-35 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests Each channel has a dedicated pair of bits as follows: (Status Bits 17, 19, 21 ... 47) Data T ransfer Bit: This bit is normally set to 0. It is pulsed to 1 and back to 0 on successive PLC scans each time a transfer completes successfully . Do not assume that when the Data T ransfer bit[...]

3 3-36 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Communications Status W ords The COMMREQ Status word (CRS word) and the first word of the two Detailed Chan- nel Status words (DC S words) report status and er rors in the same for mat, as shown be- low . The second word of the DCS words indicates when the channel is a[...]

3 3-37 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests the COMMREQ function and then check for a non-zero value indicating that the Ether net Inter face is responding to the COMMREQ. A good way to do this is to use a MO VE WORD function block to zero the CRS word. 3. A status code of 1 in the low byte and 0 in the high byte indicates that[...]

3 3-38 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Minor Error Codes The meaning of each Minor Error Code depends upon the Major Er ror Code for which it is defined. Consult the appropriate Minor Error Code table for the indicated Major Er ror Code. T able 3-5. Minor Error Codes for Major Error Codes 05H (at R emote Se[...]

3 3-39 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests T able 4-5. Minor Error Codes for Major Error Codes 5H and 85H (Continued) Err or Status Ser vice Request Error Description (He xadecimal) f705H/f785H Required to log in to a task for ser vice. f805H/f885H Invalid task name referenced. f905H/f985H T ask address out of range. fc05H/fc8[...]

3 3-40 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B T able 3-7. Minor Error Codes for Major Error Code 90H (at Client PLC) Err or Status Application Interface Err or Description (He xadecimal) 0190H T imeou t expire d bef ore t ran sfe r comp le te d; st ill waitin g on t ran sf er . 0290H P eriod expired before transfe[...]

3 3-41 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests Section 5: Controlling Communications in the L adder Program This section provides tips on how to control communications in your ladder program. Only segments of actual ladder logic are included. F or a sample of a complete working program, see Appendix D. T opics discussed are: Essen[...]

3 3-42 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B The ladder program segment below illustrates how to incorporate these important points in your program. Note The input values for the Block Move F unctions in this e xample are taken from the Establish Read Channel Command example in Section 3 of this chapter . Nicknam[...]

3 3-43 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests | << RUNG 5 >> | |HEALTHY READREQ +————–+ +——] [—————] [———+BLKMV+— | | INT | | | | | CONST —+IN1 Q+—%R00322 | +00000 | | | | | | CONST —+IN2 | | +00001 | | | | | | CONST —+IN3 | | +00000 | | | | | | CONST —+IN4 | | +00000 | | | | [...]

3 3-44 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B The SYSID field of the COMMREQ F unction Block defines the target rack and slot of the Ether net Inter face to receive the command data. The first two digits of SYSID (00 in this example) indicate the rack number , the last two digits (04 in this example) indicate the [...]

3 3-45 GFK -1084B Chapter 3 Programming Communications R equests Monitoring the Communications Channel Once you have a working ladder program, you can use the status data to monitor your communications activity and take the desired action upon certain events. The primary indicators of a communications channel are the Channel Status bits: Channel Er[...]

3 3-46 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Sequencing Communications R equests If the Ether net Interface receives Command Blocks from the PLC faster than the Inter- face can process them, the Interface will log an e xception event 08, Entry 2=0024 and will log the PLC F ault T able entr y: “ Backplane Commun[...]

4 Chapter 4-1 GFK -1084B T roubleshooting This chapter is a guide to troubleshooting and problem isolation for the Series 90-30 TCP/IP Ether net Inter face. This chapter includes the sections listed below: Diagnostic T ools A vailable for T roubleshooting What to do if you Cannot Solve the Problem The PLC F ault T able Diagnostic T ools Available f[...]

4 4-2 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual – August 1997 GFK -1084B What to do if you Cannot Solve the Problem If , after using the troubleshooting guide, you still cannot solve your problem, call GE F anuc A utomation. Please have the following infor mation available when you call. The Name and Catalog Number marked on the product (l[...]

4 4-3 GFK -1084B Chapter 4 T roubleshooting T able 4-1. PLC F ault T able Descriptions PLC F ault User A ction Backplane communications with PLC fault; lost request User A ction: Check to make sure you are not send- ing COMMREQs faster than the Ethernet Inter face can process them. If problem persists, contact GE F anuc A utomation. Bad local appli[...]

4 4-4 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual – August 1997 GFK -1084B T able 4-1. PLC F ault T able Descriptions (Continued) PLC F ault User A ction LAN I/F can’t init - check par ms; r unning soft Sw utl Internal system error . User Action: If problem persists, contact GE Fanuc A utomation. LAN I/F capacity ex ceeded; discarded re- q[...]

A Appendix A-1 GFK -1084B Glossar y In communications, a number of special terms are used, many of these ter ms are referenced by acronyms. This appendix contains a concise, alphabetized listing of conventional communications ter ms and (where applicable) their associated acronyms. Most of these ter ms (but not necessarily all) are used in this man[...]

A A-2 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B PC P ersonal Computer , IBM compatible PDU P rotocol Data Unit PLC P rogrammable Logic Controller RAM Random Access Memor y SQE Signal Quality Error SR TP Ser vice Request T ransfer Protocol TCP T ransmission Control Protocol TCP/IP T ransmission Control Protocol/Inter [...]

A GFK -1084B A-3 Appendix A Glossary Byte A group of bits, typically 8 bits, operated on as a single unit. A single ASCII character typically occupies one byte. (See Octet). Carrier Sense In a Local Area Network, an ongoing activity of a network node to detect whether another node is transmitting. Carrier Sense Multiple A ccess with Collision Detec[...]

A A-4 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B DCS W ords See Detailed Channel Status W ords. Detailed Channel Status W ords T wo status words containing detailed infor mation on a single Series 90 channel. The DCS words are retrieved using the Retrieve Detailed Channel Status Command. Data Communications Equipment [...]

A GFK -1084B A-5 Appendix A Glossary IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD (Ethernet) MA C and Physical Layer standard. IEEE 802.4 T oken Bus (MAP LANs) MA C and Physical Layer standard. IEEE 802.5 T oken Ring (IBM) MA C and Physical Layer standard. Infor mation Field That part of a protocol data unit (PDU) that contains data, as opposed to the address field and comm[...]

A A-6 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Local Station The st ation at your immedi ate location, i. e., “ her e” . (S ee al s o “ Rem ote St a ti on” ). Log Events Events recorded in the system ex ception log for the LAN Inter face. The maximum number of events in the ex ception log is 16. Logical Link[...]

A GFK -1084B A-7 Appendix A Glossary R emote Station Station located elsewhere on the network. (See also “Local Station”) R epeater In a Local Area Network, a device that amplifies and regenerates signals to extend the range of transmission between network nodes or to interconnect two or more segments. R esponding Station A station which genera[...]

A A-8 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B As described in an appendix to your Ethernet module user manual, the 32 bits of an IP address are divided between a net id part and a host id part. (The class of the IP address determines how many bits are in the net id and how many are in the host id.) In general, the [...]

B Appendix B-1 GFK -1084B Communications P orts Characteristics This appendix describes the Ether net Inter face serial ports and the A A UI port used to connect to the network transceiver . What this Appendix Contains Infor mation pertaining to the Serial P orts: Station Manager P ort and Software Loader P ort Serial P ort Pinouts Serial Cable Dia[...]

B B-2 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Station Manager Port This section presents the infor mation you need to constr uct a cable for serial communications between the Ether net Inter face and a ter minal or a PC with a ter minal emulator . Infor mation in this section includes serial port settings, pinouts,[...]

B GFK -1084B B-3 Appendix B Communications P orts Characteristics Station Manager Port Cable Use the serial cable (IC693CBL316A) shown in Figure B-1 to connect your PC to the Station Manager . If your terminal or PC is unable to communicate with the Ether net Inter face Station Manager , consult the documentation for your ter minal or PC to verify [...]

B B-4 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Software Loader P or t (Serial Port 2) This section presents the infor mation you need to constr uct a cable for serial communications between the Ethernet Inter face and a PC with the PC Loader software installed. Information in this section includes serial port settin[...]

B GFK -1084B B-5 Appendix B Communications P orts Characteristics P ar t Numbers for GE Fanuc Cables and Converters It is recommended that you use cables available from GE F anuc A utomation to connect your PC to the Software Loader P ort. Refer to the table below for part numbers. T able B -4. Cables for Connecting the Software Loader P or t to th[...]

B B-6 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B The AAUI Port for the Ethernet Inter face The Ether net Interface is equipped with an Apple A ttachment Unit Interface (A A UI) port for connecting to the network. Compatible transceivers can be purchased that support 10Base5 and 10Base2 coaxial cables as well as twiste[...]

B GFK -1084B B-7 Appendix B Communications P orts Characteristics T ransceiver Configurations Depending on your particular application, any of several types of user -supplied transceivers may be used. T ypical configurations for 10Base2 (thin wire) and 10BaseT (twisted pair) and a configuration with an A A UI to A UI adapter for connection to 10Bas[...]

B B-8 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B BNC CONNECTOR 10 BASE 2 COAXIAL CABLE BNC CONNECTOR TRANSCEIVER CABLE TO ETHERNET INTERFACE a45487 LED Figure B -4. 10Base2 T ransceiver Configuration with Built-in T ransceiver Cable a45488 TRANSCEIVER CABLE TO ETHERNET INTERFACE 10 BASE 2 CABLE BNC ”T” BNC CONNECT[...]

B GFK -1084B B-9 Appendix B Communications P orts Characteristics TRANSCEIVER CABLE T O ETHERNET INTERF ACE a45490 10 BASE T CABLE RJ-45 CONNECT OR Figure B-6. 10BaseT T ransceiver Configuration PWR SQE XMT RCV CP SQE must be ON. NOTE a45489C TRANSCEIVER CABLE TO ETHERNET INTERFACE AAUI TO AUI ADAPTER 15–PIN MALE CONNECTOR 10BASE5 COAXIAL CABLE T[...]

B B-10 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Display T erminal Settings When used as a local Station Manager ter minal, set the ter minal to “W rap- Around” or “Line W rap” mode. This prevents loss of information in the event a Station Manager command response e x ceeds the display line width of the termi[...]

C Appendix C-1 GFK -1084B Advanced Infor mation About IP and MAC Addr esses This appendix gives an over view of IP addresses, gateways, subnet masks and MA C addresses. IP Addresses Each TCP/IP node on a network must have a unique IP addr ess . The T CP/IP Ether net Interface is such a node, as is a PC running TCP/IP . There may be other nodes on t[...]

C C-2 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August, 1997 GFK -1084B IP addresses are written as four decimal integers (0-255) separated by periods (called “dotted-decimal”) where each integer gives the value of one byte of the IP address. F or example, the 32-bit IP address 00000011 00000000 00000000 00000001 is written as 3.0.0.1 [...]

C GFK -1084B C-3 Appendix C Advanced Infor mation About IP and MA C Addresses Note that the gateway has two IP addresses (128.1.0.2 and 128.2.0.3). The first must be used by hosts on Network 1 and the second must be used by hosts on Network 2. T o be usable, a host’s gateway must be addressed using an IP address with a netid matching its own. Sub[...]

C C-4 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August, 1997 GFK -1084B MAC Addresses It is recommended that you use the default MA C address given by the factor y , however , you may override that default with a MA C address of your own choosing with the Station Manager CHP ARM MACADDR command (See GFK -1186.) Each byte of the MA C Addres[...]

Appendix Sample Ladder Programs GFK-1084B This appendix contains the following: n Printout showing hardware configuration for sample ladder programs. n Printout of sample program, LANRDWT. This program shows a way to alternate reads and writes from a Series 90-30 client PLC to a Series 90-30 or Series 90-70 server PLC. n Printout of sample program,[...]

 DĆ2 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User 's Manual Ć August 1997 GFK Ć1084B 07—17—95 16:47 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 1 GGGG EEEEE FFFFF AAA N N U U CCCC G E F A A NN N U U C G GGG EEEE FFF AAAAA N N N U U C G G E F A A N NN U U C GGG EEEEE F A A N N UUU CCCC AAA U U TTTTT OOO M M AAA TTTTT IIIII OOO N N A A [...]

 GFK Ć1084B DĆ3 Appendix D Sample Ladder Programs 07—17—95 16:47 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 2 +——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————[...]

 DĆ4 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User 's Manual Ć August 1997 GFK Ć1084B 07—17—95 16:47 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 3 SERIES 90—30 MODULE IN RACK 0 SLOT 0 +——————+—————————————————— SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION —————————————————?[...]

 GFK Ć1084B DĆ5 Appendix D Sample Ladder Programs 07—17—95 16:47 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 4 SERIES 90—30 MODULE IN RACK 0 SLOT 2 +——————+—————————————————— SOFTWARE CONFIGURATION ———————————————————————————— |[...]

 DĆ6 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User 's Manual Ć August 1997 GFK Ć1084B 07—20—95 07:58 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 1 GGGG EEEEE FFFFF AAA N N U U CCCC G E F A A NN N U U C G GGG EEEE FFF AAAAA N N N U U C G G E F A A N NN U U C GGG EEEEE F A A N N UUU CCCC AAA U U TTTTT OOO M M AAA TTTTT IIIII OOO N N A A [...]

 GFK Ć1084B DĆ7 Appendix D Sample Ladder Programs 07—20—95 07:58 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 2 (******************************************************************************) (* *) (* BLOCK: _MAIN *) (* *) (* *) (* BLOCK SIZE (BYTES): 604 *) (* DECLARATIONS (ENTRIES): 24 *) (* *) (* *) (* HIGHEST REFERENCE USED *) ([...]

 DĆ8 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User 's Manual Ć August 1997 GFK Ć1084B 07—20—95 07:58 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 3 |[ START OF LD PROGRAM LANRDWT ] (* *) | |[ VARIABLE DECLARATIONS ] V A R I A B L E D E C L A R A T I O N T A B L E REFERENCE NICKNAME REFERENCE DESCRIPTION ————————— —?[...]

         07—20—95 07:58 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 4 | (****************************************************************************) | (* Overview: *) | (* *) | (* This program provides an exampl[...]

 DĆ10 TCP/IP Ethernet Communications User 's Manual Ć August 1997 GFK Ć1084B 07—20—95 07:58 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 5 | << RUNG 5 STEP #0002 >> | |FST_SCN |%S0001 +—————+ +—————+ +—————+ +——] [———+BLKMV+—————————————————+B[...]

          07—20—95 07:58 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 6 | << RUNG 7 STEP #0010 >> | | +—————+ +—————+ +—————+ +<+>—————+BLKMV+———?[...]

 DĆ12 TCP/IP Ethernet Communications User 's Manual Ć August 1997 GFK Ć1084B 07—20—95 07:58 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 7 | << RUNG 9 STEP #0018 >> | |PWR_DLY FIRSTRD |%T0012 +—————+ %T0001 +——] [———+ TMR +————————————————————————?[...]

 GFK Ć1084B D Ć13 Appendix D Sample Ladder Programs 07—20—95 07:58 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 8 | << RUNG 14 STEP #0030 >> | |ALW_ON RD_ERR |%S0007 +—————+ %T0003 +——] [———+ NE_ | +——————————————————————————————————?[...]

 DĆ14 TCP/IP Ethernet Communications User 's Manual Ć August 1997 GFK Ć1084B 07—20—95 07:58 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 9 | << RUNG 18 STEP #0039 >> | |ALW_ON WRT_ERR |%S0007 +—————+ %T0006 +——] [———+ NE_ | +————————————————————————[...]

 GFK Ć1084B D Ć15 Appendix D Sample Ladder Programs 07—20—95 07:58 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 10 | << RUNG 25 STEP #0052 >> | |RD_ERR RS_READ |%T0003 %T0013 +——] [——————————————————————————————————————————————[...]

 DĆ16 TCP/IP Ethernet Communications User 's Manual Ć August 1997 GFK Ć1084B 07—20—95 07:58 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 11 | << RUNG 32 STEP #0070 >> | |DO_WRT LANIFOK WRT_FLT |%T0009 %I0048 +—————+ +—————+ %T0007 +——] [——+——] [———+MOVE_+————————[...]

 GFK Ć1084B D Ć17 Appendix D Sample Ladder Programs 07—20—95 07:58 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Contents 1 ***** L O G I C T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S ***** LANRDWT 1 _MAIN 2 Variable Table 3 Logic 3 Program: LANRDWT C:LM90LANLANRDWT TABLE OF CONTENTS[...]

 DĆ18 TCP/IP Ethernet Communications User 's Manual Ć August 1997 GFK Ć1084B 07—20—95 07:57 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 1 GGGG EEEEE FFFFF AAA N N U U CCCC G E F A A NN N U U C G GGG EEEE FFF AAAAA N N N U U C G G E F A A N NN U U C GGG EEEEE F A A N N UUU CCCC AAA U U TTTTT OOO M M AAA TTTTT IIIII OOO N N A A [...]

          07—20—95 07:57 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 2 (******************************************************************************) (* *) (* BLOCK: _MAIN *) (* *) (* *) (* BLOCK SIZE (BYTES)[...]

 DĆ20 TCP/IP Ethernet Communications User 's Manual Ć August 1997 GFK Ć1084B 07—20—95 07:57 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 3 |[ START OF LD PROGRAM CHAN4 ] (* *) | |[ VARIABLE DECLARATIONS ] V A R I A B L E D E C L A R A T I O N T A B L E REFERENCE NICKNAME REFERENCE DESCRIPTION ————————— ——?[...]

 GFK Ć1084B D Ć21 Appendix D Sample Ladder Programs 07—20—95 07:57 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 4 I D E N T I F I E R T A B L E IDENTIFIER IDENTIFIER TYPE IDENTIFIER DESCRIPTION —————————— ——————————————— —————————————————————?[...]

 DĆ22 TCP/IP Ethernet Communications User 's Manual Ć August 1997 GFK Ć1084B 07—20—95 07:57 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 5 | << RUNG 5 STEP #0002 >> | |FST_SCN |%S0001 +–––——+ +—————+ +—————+ +——] [———+BLKMV+—————————————————+B[...]

 GFK Ć1084B D Ć23 Appendix D Sample Ladder Programs 07—20—95 07:57 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 6 | << RUNG 7 STEP #0010 >> | | +—————+ +—————+ +—————+ +<+>—————+BLKMV+—————————————————+BLKMV+———————————?[...]

 DĆ24 TCP/IP Ethernet Communications User 's Manual Ć August 1997 GFK Ć1084B 07—20—95 07:57 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 7 | << RUNG 9 STEP #0018 >> | | +—————+ +—————+ +—————+ +<+>—————+BLKMV+—————————————————+BLKMV+—?[...]

 GFK Ć1084B D Ć25 Appendix D Sample Ladder Programs 07—20—95 07:57 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 8 | << RUNG 11 STEP #0026 >> | | +—————+ +—————+ +—————+ +<+>—————+BLKMV+—————————————————+BLKMV+———————————?[...]

 DĆ26 TCP/IP Ethernet Communications User 's Manual Ć August 1997 GFK Ć1084B 07—20—95 07:57 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 9 | (****************************************************************************) | (* PWR_DLY activates a 2 second timer. This timer provides a delay for the *) | (* Ethernet Controller to c[...]

 GFK Ć1084B D Ć27 Appendix D Sample Ladder Programs 07—20—95 07:57 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 10 | << RUNG 19 STEP #0045 >> | |CH1_ERR RS_CH1 |%I0050 %T0017 +——] [——————————————————————————————————————————————[...]

 DĆ28 TCP/IP Ethernet Communications User 's Manual Ć August 1997 GFK Ć1084B 07—20—95 07:57 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 11 | << RUNG 24 STEP #0054 >> | |ALW_ON RD1_OK |%S0007 +—————+ %T0001 +——] [———+ EQ_ |+————————————————————————?[...]

 GFK Ć1084B D Ć29 Appendix D Sample Ladder Programs 07—20—95 07:57 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 12 | << RUNG 27 STEP #0064 >> | |ALW_ON RD2_ERR |%S0007 +—————+ %T0004 +——] [———+ NE_ | +——————————————————————————————————[...]

 DĆ30 TCP/IP Ethernet Communications User 's Manual Ć August 1997 GFK Ć1084B 07—20—95 07:57 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 13 | << RUNG 30 STEP #0075 >> | |ALW_ON RD4_OK |%S0007 +—————+ %T0007 +——] [———+ EQ_ |+————————————————————————?[...]

 GFK Ć1084B D Ć31 Appendix D Sample Ladder Programs 07—20—95 07:57 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 14 | << RUNG 33 STEP #0083 >> | |DOREADS LANIFOK CR1_ERR |%T0009 %I0048 +—————+ +—————+ %T0010 +——] [——+——] [———+MOVE_+—————————————————+CO[...]

 DĆ32 TCP/IP Ethernet Communications User 's Manual Ć August 1997 GFK Ć1084B 07—20—95 07:57 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Page 15 | << RUNG 36 STEP #0104 >> | |DOREADS LANIFOK CR4_ERR |%T0009 %I0048 +—————+ +—————+ %T0013 +——] [——+——] [———+MOVE_+———————?[...]

 GFK Ć1084B D Ć33 Appendix D Sample Ladder Programs 07—20—95 07:57 GE FANUC SERIES 90—30/90—20/MICRO (v6.01) Contents 1 ***** L O G I C T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S ***** CHAN4 1 _MAIN 2 Variable Table 3 Logic 4 Program: CHAN4 C:LM90LANCHAN4 TABLE OF CONTENTS[...]

E Appendix E-1 GFK -1084B PC Sof twar e Loader The GE F anuc Series 90-30 Ethernet Interface has its operating fir mware stored in FLASH memory as opposed to EPROMS. Firmware upgrades for this board are provided on floppy disk. The PC Software Loader utility controls downloading the new firmware from the floppy to the FLASH memory . This utility re[...]

E E-2 T CP/IP Ethernet Communications User ’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B 4. Insert the supplied floppy disk into your A: or B: drive. 5. A t the C:> prompt, type A:install (or B:install if you inserted the disk into drive B). The install program will copy several files to the hard drive then invoke the PC Software Loader . Alter natively[...]

F Appendix F- 1 GFK -1084B Naming Architecture This appendix gives an over view of the naming architecture concepts used within GE F anuc Series 90 PLCs. The goal of the naming architecture is to provide users the ability to think of their Ether net Inter faces in ter ms of a symbolic name rather than a numerical address. Use of this symbolic name [...]

F F- 2 T CP/IP Ether net Communications User’s Manual - August 1997 GFK -1084B Name Resolution Name Resolution involves resolving a symbolic name to its necessar y address information required for communication. Cur rently today , a user is required to know this addressing information (i.e., IP address) to establish communication with a remote de[...]

F GFK -1084B F- 3 Appendix F Assigning IP and MAC Addresses The Channel API commands have been enhanced to allow for the use of symbolic names in the remote node addressing fields of the COMMREQ F unction Block. This is described in further detail in the Chapter 3 of this manual. In addition to the Station Manager commands described previously in t[...]

    A  ! 2146 < < < ,01765  < %%4(8,$6,105 $0' &410;/5 < %146 +$00(. &1//$0'  < %146,0* $ &+$00(. < &410;/5 $0' %%4(8,[...]

Index IndexĆ2 GFK Ć1084B 34#$-+3* '#& *#//'- %0..#/&  : 34#$-+3* " 2+4' *#//'- %0..#/&  : 34#$-+3*+/) # %*#//'- : 4*'2/'4 /4'2 (#%' :  44#%*.'/4 40 4*'  :?[...]

Index IndexĆ3 GFK Ć1084B  '3+0& (03 *#//'- 0..#/&4 : : :  5#5+0/ #/#)'3 %0..#/& : +/)+/) 5*' ! /5'3(#%'4 0/ 5*' '5: 803, : +/0654   " 1035  : +/0654 5#5+[...]

    + 1  1 +  1  1 +  1  1 *( 1  *&+ %(++* 0  1 "#$ /#* 1 "#' /#* 1  #[...]