Fluke 1625 Bedienungsanleitung

® 1625 Earth/Ground Tester Users Manual January 2006 © 2006 Fluke Corp oration, All ri ghts reserved. Pr inted in USA All product nam es are trademarks of their res pective companies.[...]

LIMITED WARRANTY AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY Each Fluke product is warranted to be free f rom defects in material and workmanshi p under normal use and service. The warranty perio d is two years and begins on t he date of shipment. Parts, product repairs, and servi ces are warranted for 90 days. This warranty extends only to the original buyer or e[...]

i Table of Contents Title Page Introducti on .......................................................................................... 1 Models and Ac ces sories........................................................................ 3 Safety Instru ctions ................................................................................ 4 Qualified[...]

1625 Users Manual ii Measurement of Interference - Vo ltages and Freq uencies ................ 31 Measurement of Eart hing Resista nces .............................................. 32 3-pole/4-pole Measurem ent of Earthing Resi stance ..................... 33 Measurement of Single Earth Electrode Resistances in Mesh Operated Earthing S ystems Usi[...]

iii List of Tables Table Title Page 1. Models and Accessories ................................................. 3 2. Electrical Measurement Specifications .......................... 14 3. Description of Displays .................................................. 56[...]

1625 Users Manual iv[...]

v List of Figures Figure Title Page 1. Fluke 1625 Earth/Ground Tester .................................... 2 2. Description of Functions ................................................ 8 3. Display ........................................................................... 10 4. Operating Elements ..................................................[...]

1625 Users Manual vi[...]

1 Earth/Ground Tester Introduction At locations i nvolvin g the generat ion, dist ribution a nd consum ption of el ectri- cal energy, certain safety m easures must be met in order to protect human life. In many cases, t hese safety measure s are national and internati onal regula tions which m ust be checked re gularly. G rounding, t he connectio n[...]

1625 Users Manual 2 Notes • The terms eart h and eart hing also refer to gr ound and gr ounding and is used intercha ngeably throughou t this manual. • For stakeless earth resistance measurements, the EI-1625 mu st be purchased. (The EI- 1625 comes standar d with the 1625 Kit) . Refer to Appendix A for a complete set of operating in formation i[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Models and Accessories 3 Models and Accessories Table 1 lists the models and accessories. Table 1. Models and Accessories Description Item/Part Number Earth Ground Tester - Basic (Includes manual, 2 leads and 2 clips) Fluke-1625 Earth Ground Tester - Fully Loaded (Includes manual, 2 leads and 2 clips, ES162P4, EI-1623) Fluke-162[...]

1625 Users Manual 4 Safety Instructions W Warning This measuring equipment is only to be operated by quali- fied staff and in accord with its technical data in compli- ance with the safety precautions and instruc tions set forth below. In addition, use of this equipment requires compli- ance with the legal and safety instructions pertaining to the [...]

Earth/Ground Tester Setup 5 Qualified Staff Consists of persons familiar with the setting up, assembly, starting up and op- eration of the product and possess th e qu alifications required for such activi- ties, such as • training, i nstruction a nd/or autho rization to perform t he following o p- erations on circuits and equipmen t according to [...]

1625 Users Manual 6 General Microprocesso r controlle d universal ea rt h resistance meter with fully auto- mated measuri ng frequency selection process as well as a utomatic t esting of probe- and auxiliary earth electrode re sistances and possible interference volt- ages as per DIN IEC61557-5/EN615 57-5. • Measurement of interference voltage (U[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Assembly 7 Assembly The instrum ent is ma de up of two pa rts: 1. The base part whic h contains the measuring electronics . 2. The protective ho using. The functions are selected with the ce nt ral rotary switch. Four rubber buttons, which start measurem ents, read out supp lementary measuring val ues and select special functi o[...]

1625 Users Manual 8 EXT H S ES E Switching V oltage measurement Current measurement Source Undervoltage detection Supply voltage ADC Comp Processor LCD driver Displa y Relais driver Rotary selector switch b uttons edw003.eps Figure 2. Description of Functions Measurement of Interference Voltage (U ST ) Fullwave recti fication for DC and AC (DC with[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Description of Functions 9 Measurement of Earthing Resistance (R E ) The earthing resistance is determined by a 3- or 4-pol e current and voltage measurement. The measuring voltage is a square pulse AC voltage with 48 / 20 V and a f requency of 94, 105, 111 or 1 28 Hz. The f requency can be selected manually or automatically (AF[...]

1625 Users Manual 10 LO-BAT Supervision of the battery charg e status is done with a comparator circuit. Via microprocessor, a drop in battery capacity down to typ. 10 % of its specified value is indicated on the disp lay with symbol LO-BAT . Specifications General: Microprocessor controlled , fully automated earth measuring instrument with additio[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Specifications 11 Operation: Central rot ary switc h and fun ction key s Working tem perature ran ge: -10 °C … +50 °C Operating te mperature ra nge: 0 °C … +35 °C Nominal temperature range: 18 °C … +28 °C Storage temperature rang e: -30 °C … +60 °C Note The chart of four tempera ture ranges for the instrument exi[...]

1625 Users Manual 12 Max voltage: W socket A to socket EFGH Urms = 0 V Sockets ” E ES S H " to each othe r in any com- bination, m ax. Urms= 2 50 V (pert ains to m isuse) EMC (Emission Im- munity): IEC 61326-1:1997 Class A Quality standard: developed, design ed and manufactured to compl y with DIN ISO 9001 External field influ- ence: complie[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Specifications 13 Measurement of Interference Voltage DC + AC (U ST ) Measuring method: fullwave rectification Measuring Range Display Range Resolu- tion Frequency Range Limits of Er- ror 1…50 V 0.0…50 V 0.1 V DC/AC 45…400 Hz sine ± (5% of reading +5 digit) Measuring sequence: approx. 4 measurements /s Internal resistance[...]

1625 Users Manual 14 Table 2. Electrical Measu rement Specifications Intrinsic Er- ror or Influ- ence Quan- tity Reference Con- ditions or Speci- fied Operating Range Designation Code Requirements or Test in Ac- cordance with the Relevant Parts of IEC 1557 Type of Test Intrinsic error Reference condi- tions A Part 5, 6.1 R Position Reference posi- [...]

Earth/Ground Tester Specifications 15 A = intrinsic error En = variations R = routine test T = type test [] 100% x value fiducial B % B ± = Measuring Range Display Range Resolution Instrinsic Error Max. Op- erating Error 0.001 Ω ...2.999 Ω 0.001 Ω 3.00 Ω ...29.99 Ω 0.01 Ω 0.020 Ω 30.0 Ω ...299.9 Ω 0.1 Ω 300 k Ω 0.300 k Ω ..[...]

1625 Users Manual 16 fluencing c onditions (see diagramm ), the display sh ows a warni ng symbol W and a notice that RS or R H are too high. % 0 0 0 1 F % 0 0 1 % 0 1 % 1 % 1 , 0 M 1 k 0 0 1 k 0 1 k 1 0 0 1 0 1 3 , 0 1 3 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 = R / R E H 0 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 R S edw005.eps Automatic switchover of measuring resolution in dependence to auxi[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Specifications 17 Selective Measurement of the Earthing Resistance (R E A ) Measuring m ethod: Current an d voltage measurement with probe as per EN61557-5 and c urrent measurem ent in the individual branch with additio nal current transfo rmer (patent ap- plied for). Open circuit volt- age: 20 / 48 V AC Short circuit current: 2[...]

1625 Users Manual 18 Minimal current in single branch to be measured: 0.5 mA with tra nsform er (1000:1 ) 0.1 mA with trans former ( 200:1) Max. interferenc e current through transformer: 3 A with a transfor mer (1000:1) Resistance Measurement (R~) Measuring method: current and voltage m easurement Measuring vol tage: 20 V AC, square pulse Short ci[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Specifications 19 Resistance Measurement (R F ) Measuring method: curr ent- voltage measurement as per IEC61557-4 possible Open circuit voltage: 20 V DC Short circuit current: 2 00 mA DC Formation of m easured value: with 4-pole measurement wires on H, S, ES can be extended without addition al error. Resistances >1 Ω in wir[...]

1625 Users Manual 20 Compensation of Lead Resistance (R K ) Compensation of lead resistance (R K ) can be switched on in functions R E 3pol e, R E 4pole A , R~ , and R F 2pole Formation of m easured value: R display = R measured - R compensated * * Value o f setpoint ent ry R K = 0.000 Ω , vari- able from 0.000…29 .99 Ω by means of measuring [...]

Earth/Ground Tester Description of the Operating Elements 21 Description of the Operating Elements Figure 4 illustrates the operating elements described below. R RA R Earth/ Ground Resistance 300k AC Resistance 300 k DC Low Resistance 3 k CHANGE ITEM SELECT ST ART TEST DISPLA Y MENU H/C 2 S/ P2 ES/ P1 E/ C 1 4 POLE 3 POLE 4 POLE 2 POLE 2 POLE 4 POL[...]

1625 Users Manual 22 D "CHANGE ITEM" button to change the set poi nt entry values. E "SELECT" button to select th e digit to be ch anged. F Display unit, liquid crystal digits, 18 mm high with automatic decimal point as well as active illumination. G Connecting socket H (auxiliary earth electrode) (4 mm ø) also usable with safe[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Description of the Operating Elements 23 Description of Display Elements The display (Fi gure 5) is divided int o four display elem ents: 1. Digital display of measured value 2. Measuring function fi eld to displ ay measurin g functio n 3. Unit field: V, Ω , k Ω , Hz 4. Special characters for operator gui dance 1 4 2 3 edw00[...]

1625 Users Manual 24 R ~ AC- resistance R * Earthi ng impedance (measuring frequency 55 Hz) AFC Automatic-fre quency-co ntrol TEST Measuring sequence in process LIMIT Limit value > LIMIT Limit value exceeded EFGH Socket recognit ion B Recognition of current transformer socket } Message of an exceed ed limit with beeper LO-BAT Battery voltage too[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Procedure of Measurements 25 POWER ON Functions During switching on of the instrument with the central rotary switch it is pos- sible to access certain ope rating conditions by pressing certain button c ombina- tions: a) Standard mode If the device is put into operation w ithout further button contro l, it switches into a batter[...]

1625 Users Manual 26 e) Activation of display illumination By keeping the "CHANGE ITEM" butto n pressed during the switch on se- quence the display illumina tion is activated. Illumination fades away automati- cally if the instrument is switched to"Stand by" and, togeth er with the instru- ment, is swit ched on agai n by pressi [...]

Earth/Ground Tester Procedure of Measurements 27 CONTROL LOOP MEASURING LOOP ON/OFF POWER ON Function SELECT MEASURING FUNTION WITH CENTRAL RO T AR Y SWITCH 1 X DISPLA Y LIMIT SET V ALUE OR VOLT AG E MEASUREMENT 1 X CHANGE 1 X SELECT QUICK SWITCHO VER, SET V ALUE DIGIT/DECIMAL POINT SPOT SELECTION 1 X CHANGE INCREASE SELECTED SPOT (DIGIT/DECIMAL PO[...]

1625 Users Manual 28 Control Loop After turning the function rotary switch, the volta ge display mode is reac hed. Pushing "DISPLAY MENU" now calls up the control loop. According to th e selected measuring function, different setting values can be displayed and changed in the control l oop. The " DISPLAY M ENU" button s witches [...]

Earth/Ground Tester Procedure of Measurements 29 A U M 48 V/20 V selectable to 20 V with CODE and R K 0.000 Ω ... 29.99 Ω in positi on R E 3pole only * I ( ratio ) 80 ... 1200 display only R E 4pole A R E LIMIT 0.000 Ω ... 999 k Ω only if activated with CODE } (warning- On / Off only if R E LIMIT sound) is activated with CODE R* On / Off on[...]

1625 Users Manual 30 Measuring Loop This loop is entered by pressing the "START TEST" button. After releasing "START TEST" the last measured value stays on the disp lay. By repeated pressing of t he "DISPLAY MENU" butt on all sup plementary values can b e called. If a measured value exceeds or falls below the pre-set l[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Procedure of Measurements 31 Safety Control Measurements Before each measurement the instrument autom atically checks the measuring conditions and, wh ile simultaneously displaying the kind of error, prevents measurements from being started under t he following conditions: • excessive volta ge on the soc kets (> 24 V i n RE[...]

1625 Users Manual 32 R RA R Earth/Ground Resistance 300 k AC Resistance 300 k DC Low Resistance 3k CHANGE ITEM SELECT START TEST DISPLAY MENU H/C2 S/P2 ES/P1 E/C 1 4 POLE 3 POLE 4 POLE 2 POLE 2 POLE 4 POLE OFF 3 POLE EARTH / GROUND TESTER 1625 Auxiliary ear th electrode Probe Ear th electrode >20 m >20 m edw010.eps Figure 7. Measurement of In[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Procedure of Measurements 33 To keep the instru ment as simple as possible at the time of delivery, all special functions, suc h as LIMIT i nput, BEEPER pro gramming, m easurement o f earthing impedance (R * ) etc, are not activated at delivery. They can be acti- vated with pe rsonalized u ser's code (see "Changi ng of[...]

1625 Users Manual 34 R RA R Earth/Ground Resistance 300 k AC Resistance 300 k DC Low Resistance 3k CHANGE ITEM SELECT START TEST DISPLAY MENU H/C2 S/P2 ES/P1 E/C 1 4 POLE 3 POLE 4 POLE 2 POLE 2 POLE 4 POLE OFF 3 POLE EARTH / GROUND TESTER 1625 Auxiliary ear th electrode Probe Ear th electrode 4 pole >20 m >20 m edw012.eps Figure 9. 3-pole/4-p[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Procedure of Measurements 35 An accuracy test of the results is m a de with another m easurement following repositioning of the auxiliary earth electrode or probe. If the value stays the same, the distance is sufficient. If the measured value chang es, probe or a uxil- iary earth elect rode must be r epositione d until t he meas[...]

1625 Users Manual 36 Measurement of Single Eart h Electrode Resistances in Mesh Operated Earthing Systems Using Selective Clamp Method This measuring m ethod has been created to m easure single eart h electrodes in permanently wired or m esh operated system s (e.g. light ning prot ection system with several el ectrodes or hi gh voltage pylons wi th[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Procedure of Measurements 37 Errors of the current trans former can be corrected as described i n “Correct ing Clip-on Transform er Error”. 3-pole/4-pole Measurement of Single Earth Electrode Re- sistances See Figure 12. R RA R Earth/Ground Resistance 300 k AC Resistance 300 k DC Low Resistance 3k CHANGE ITEM SELECT START TE[...]

1625 Users Manual 38 Note The ratio that is preset from factory is correct for th e EI162X sensing clamp Press "START TEST" button. Now a fully automated test sequence of all relevant parameters like aux iliary earth electrode, probe- and earth electrode resistance, is implem ented and fin- ished with the display of the result R E . 1. Re[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Procedure of Measurements 39 reliable values, the instrument offers the possib ility of averaging over a longer period. 1. Select a fixed frequency (see "Control lo op", Operati on) 2. Keep the "START TEST" button pr essed until the warning "measu red value unstable " disappears. Max. averagin g tim[...]

1625 Users Manual 40 Accordingly, these equivalent resistances are displayed as: li U R meas Ei = Therefore the earthing resistance R E of the pylon is determined as a parallel circuit of the individual equivalent resistances: 4 3 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 E E E E E R R R R R + + + = R RA R Earth/Ground Resistance 300 k AC Resistance 300 k DC Low Resistance 3k[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Procedure of Measurements 41 3. Press “START TEST” button Now a fully automated test sequence of all relevant parameters like auxiliary earth electrod e, probe- and earth electrode resistance, is im- plemented and fi nishes with the di splay of the result R E . 4. Read out measure d value R E 5. Call R S and R H with “DISP[...]

1625 Users Manual 42 Time average measurement: If there is a wa rning "measured value un stable" (see "Descrip tion of displays", Procedure of Measurement) after a test sequence, most likely it is caused by strong interference signals (e.g . unsteady noise voltag e). Nevertheless, to get reliable values, the instrument offers th[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Procedure of Measurements 43 R RA R Earth/Ground Resistance 300k AC Resistance 300 k DC Low Resistance 3k CHANGE ITEM SELECT STAR T TEST DISPLAY MENU H/C 2 S/P2 ES/P1 E/C 1 4 POLE 3 POLE 4 POLE 2 POLE 2 POLE 4 POLE OFF 3 POLE EARTH / GROUND TESTER 1625 edw017.eps Figure 14. Correcting Clip-on Transformer Errors 2. Turn central r[...]

1625 Users Manual 44 Example: Your clip-on transformer has a transformation ratio of tr = 1000:1. The meas- urement without clip-on transformer results in a value R E = 0.983 Ω . With a clip-on transformer a value of R E = 1.175 Ω is measured. The deviati on thus rea ds (1.175 - 0.983) Ω = + 0.192 Ω and referring t o R E = 0.983 Ω an erro[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Procedure of Measurements 45 3. Call display R K with "DISPLAY MENU" button. 4. Implement compensation with "START TEST" button. The compensati on resistance is displa yed only for as long as the "S TART TEST" button is kept presse d. After releasing the "START TEST" button the measured va[...]

1625 Users Manual 46 1. Four earth spikes of the same length are positioned into th e soil in an even line and with the sam e dist ance "a" to each other. The earth spikes should not be ham mered in deepe r than a m aximum of 1/3 of "a". 2. Turn central rotary switch to position "R E 4pole". The instrument is to be wir[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Procedure of Measurements 47 Distances of Probe Soil restivity E A 1 2 3 edw021.eps Curve 1: As ρ E decreas es only deeper down, a dee p earth electro de is advis- able Curve 2: As ρ E decreas es only down to point A, an i ncrease in the depth deeper than A does not im prove the val ues. Curve 3: With increasin g depth ρ E is[...]

1625 Users Manual 48 H S E ES 90 O I edw022.eps Measurement of Resistances Resistance Measurement (R~) This measurin g function determines the o hmic resistance between 0.00 1 Ω and 300 k Ω . The measurement is done with AC voltage. Fo r measurement s of very low resistances a compensation of th e connecting leads is su ggested (see “Compensa[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Procedure of Measurements 49 2. Connect instrument according to picture. 3. In this mode, all settings and LIMIT values available can be called with "DISPL AY MENU" an d the measurin g frequency can be set. 4. Press "START TEST" button. 5. Read out measure d value. Resistance Measurement ( R F ) In this measu[...]

1625 Users Manual 50 W Warning Due to the high measuring current inductive loads can cause lethal induced voltages during disconnection from the measuring circuit. 4. Start measurement with "START TE ST" button. First, "R1" with positive voltage is measured on jack "E". After releasing the "START TEST" button[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Procedure of Measurements 51 Turning the central rotary switch fo r a short moment deletes the lin e compensation again. R RA R Earth/Ground Resistance 300k AC Resistance 300 k DC Low Resistance 3k CHANGE ITEM SELECT STAR T TEST DISPLAY MENU H/C 2 S/P2 ES/P1 E/C 1 4 POLE 3 POLE 4 POLE 2 POLE 2 POLE 4 POLE OFF 3 POLE EARTH / GROU[...]

1625 Users Manual 52 Function Parameter Setting range Standard presetting F M (AFC/94/105/111/128) Hz AFC R E 3pole U M 48 V/20 V 48V R K 0.000 Ω ... 29.99 Ω 0.000 Ω and LIMIT On / Off Off R E LIMIT 0.000 Ω ... 999 k Ω 999 k Ω R E 4pole } (Warning sound) On/Off Off R* On/Off Off F M (AFC/94/105/111/128) Hz AFC R E 3pole U M 48 V/20 V 48[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Procedure of Measurements 53 R F 2pole R K 0.000 Ω ... 29.99 Ω 0.000 Ω and LIMIT On/Off Off 4pole R LIMIT 0.000 Ω ... 9,99 k Ω 9.99 k Ω } (Warning sound) On/Off Off Storing a Code 1. Press all 4 keys sim ultaneously and m ove cent ral selector fr om OFF to the desired measuri ng mode. The display shows "C _ _ _&[...]

1625 Users Manual 54 6. The changed value is stored by pressing th e "DISPLAY MENU" key. 7. Pressing the "START T EST" key exits the setting program . Note If the limit values required by regula tions are changed inco rrect, er- roneous test results may be di splayed. Deleting a Code 1. Press all 4 keys sim ultaneously and m ove[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Description of Displays 55 Description of Displays Table 3. Description of Displays Function Displays Condition Note Before "START" edw027.eps Stand by position to reduce power consump- tion Turn rotary switch or push button. All measured values remain stored ST V edw028.eps No or incorrect measuring lead connection Ap[...]

1625 Users Manual 56 Function Displays Condition Note ST LIMIT V edw031.eps Dangerous AC - vol- tage > 50 V Apart from voltage measure- ment all measuring functions are locked. Before "START" edw033.eps Rotary switch in inter- mediate position Select cor- rect posi- tion. After "START" S TEST edw034.eps Probe re- sistance is [...]

Earth/Ground Tester Description of Displays 57 Function Displays Condition Note ST V edw037.eps Measuring circuit of earth- and auxil. earth electrode discon- nected. Check lead connection on earth spikes measuring lead might be defec- tive. ST V edw038.eps Measuring circuit of earth- and probe elec- trode dis- connected. Check lead connection on e[...]

1625 Users Manual 58 Function Displays Condition Note E LIMIT edw041.eps Display of measured value ex- ceeds LIMIT. Measured value is higher than set LIMIT. K LIMIT edw042.eps Compen- sation higher than measured value. Delete compensa- tion or switch in- strument ON/OFF. ST edw043.eps Wrong po- larity on jacks E and ES. Reverse polarity. E edw044.e[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Description of Displays 59 Function Displays Condition Note No reactions to button control etc . edw046.eps Operation under faulty con- ditions. Check bat- teries. Switch ON/OFF if still faulty, contact service. After "START" E edw047.eps Reverse orientation of current clamp or "upwards" current. Reverse clam[...]

1625 Users Manual 60 Function Displays Condition Note edw050.eps EE PROM memory access mal- function. contact service. edw051.eps Internal computa- tion mal- function. edw052.eps Thermal overload. Cool thor- oughly. ST E 12MKH REMOTE LIMIT TEST VmA k Hz nFmH LO-BA T edw053.eps Battery voltage de- creases at measure- ment. The internal resistance of[...]

Earth/Ground Tester Care and Maintenan ce 61 detergent or spirit . Avoid agg ressive cleaning agents and s olvents (trilene, chlorothene etc.). Service work m ust only be unde rtaken by t rained quali fied staff. In all repair wo rk care must be taken that the desi gn paramete rs of the instr u- ment are not m odified t o the det riment of safety, [...]

1625 Users Manual 62 Recalibration This instrument exceeds the prescri bed accuracies by multiples as it leaves the factory. To maintain it in this state, we recommend a chec k at 1-year intervals. Please contact the nearest sales or service ce nter for this purpose. As an extra service feat ure we offer you periodic ch ecking and calibra tion of y[...]

Stakeless Earth/Ground Resistan ce Testing Care and Maintenan ce 63 Appendix A Stakeless Earth/Ground Resistance Testing Introduction Stakeless testing provides the ground tester with the un ique capability to meas- ure individual grou nd resistances in multi-grounded systems using two clamp- on current tran sformers. The use of ground stakes is no[...]

1625 Users Manual 64 edw060.eps Specifications General: Adapter unit for use with ground testers in the mode: R E D 3 pole (Order No. EI-1625) All information contained in this sectio n exclusively refers to this applicatio n. Principle: Ground testing without using earth stakes for the probe and the aux iliary earth elec- trode. W o r k i n g t e [...]

Stakeless Earth/Ground Resistan ce Testing Principle of Operation 65 Dimensions Total length of adaptercable 1,8 m, Length of shielded ca ble to clam p-on CT 1,5 m . Operating er ror*: ± (10% of m .v. + 5 digi t). Display range*: 0,010 Ω ... 130 Ω . Measuring frequency : 128 Hz. Measuring voltage: U m =48 VAC (primary ). Measuring range*: 0,02[...]

1625 Users Manual 66 U R X R 1 R 2 R 3 R n-1 R n AC Source Equiv alent diagram edw061.eps R R R R n X I U 1 1 1 1 2 1 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + + + =[...]

Stakeless Earth/Ground Resistan ce Testing Principle of Operation 67 If the parallel connection of resistors, R1...R n is considerably lower than t he ground co nnection under test R X : R R R R X n << ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + + 1 1 1 1 2 1 then I U R X = is a reasonable approximation. The test volta ge (U) is applied wit hout disc onnecting gr ound[...]

1625 Users Manual 68 Operation Connect the adapter according to the di agra m and the desi gnations E, S and H (C1, P1 and P 2 for US -version) to t he tester and to a current clamp. R RA R Earth/Ground Resistance 300 k AC Resistance 300 k DC Low Resistance 3k CHANGE ITEM SELECT START TEST DISPLAY MENU H/C2 S/P2 ES/P1 E/C 1 4 POLE 3 POLE 4 POLE 2 P[...]

Stakeless Earth/Ground Resistan ce Testing Principle of Operation 69 >10 cm Erder edw064.eps Pushing the START-button will disp lay the value of R E . Note In this particular mode the values of RH and RS ha ve no meaning. Settings on the Tester Refer to the Operation section in the Testers instruction manu al. The rotary switch of the tester mus[...]

1625 Users Manual 70 Applications Example1: Ground rod on power po les. edw065.eps Example 2: Tests on multi-ground ed (inter-connected) systems: Ground conducto rs are for exa mple bonded to grid s or concrete-footin g grounds an d other conduct ing elem ents such as l ightning protection sy stems or frameworks. In this case the resistances of ind[...]

Stakeless Earth/Ground Resistan ce Testing Principle of Operation 71 M Lightning Protection Footing ground Framework edw066.eps[...]

1625 Users Manual 72 Description of Displays With stakeless ground testing some displ ay combinati ons have certai n signifi- cance. E edw067.eps Polarity of CT’s is re- versed Turn one CT edw068.eps Resistance under test is below meas- uring range or adapter cable is plugged into ground tester incorrectly Switch on/off for next test Legend: W = [...]

Stakeless Earth/Ground Resistan ce Testing Principle of Operation 73 Display Sign i ficance N o t e ST V edw069.eps Resistance under test is above measuring range Legend: W = displaye d flashing[...]

74 Appendix B Earthing Resistance Introduction Per definition, the earthing resistance cons ists of several individual resistances. 1. The resistance of connectin g lead to earth electrode 2. The resistance of the actual earth electrode; earthing rod, earthing plate, earthing strip, me sh earth electrode etc. 3. The dissipation resistance, the resi[...]

Earthing Resistance Principle of Operation 75 Earthing Resistance ( Ω ) Type of Soil Soil Re- sitivity [ ρ E ] Earthing Rod m Depth Earthing Strip m Ω .m 3 6 10 5 10 20 Moist humus soil, 30 10 5 3 12 6 3 moor soil, swamp Farming soil,loam y and clay soils 100 33 17 10 40 20 10 Sandy clay soils 150 50 25 15 60 30 15 Moist sandy soil 300 66 33 2[...]

1625 Users Manual 76 Soil Resistivity ρ E The soil resistivity is the resistance m easured between two opp osing surfaces of a cube o f homogeno us soil m aterial with a l ateral lengt h of 1 m eter. The unit is Ω m (see picture) A = 1 m 2 p = E A L . R ( m ) L=1 m edw054.eps The soil resisti vity significa ntly depe nds on the s pecific kind of[...]

Earthing Resistance Principle of Operation 77 month Dec. 0 1 2 34 5 6 8 7 9 10 11 12 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 Ear th resistance R E July Jan . edw055.eps Temporal chan ge of the earthi ng resistance of a conductor e arth electrode (earth strip, earth cable). 14 month 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Dec. July Jan . Ear th resistance R E edw[...]

1625 Users Manual 78 Measuring Method The current v oltage m easuring met hod is based on the bloc k diagram circuit shown in the figure below. U meas. V G I E ES S E S R S R E U E I H H R H edw057.eps An AC generat or G feeds c urrent I vi a ea rth electrode E (earth electrode resis- tance R E ) and auxiliary earth electrode H (a uxiliary earth el[...]

Earthing Resistance Principle of Operation 79 The Potential Gradient Area Around every earth electrode a so calle d p otential gra dient area develops dur- ing the flow of an electric c urrent (see picture below). U U S U E E 40 60 m edw058.eps If the voltage between t he earth electrode and a probe with a distance "a" from the earth elec[...]

1625 Users Manual 80 The Influence of Potential Gr adient Areas on Earth Resis- tance Measurement To pick off the true v oltage dr op from the earthing resista nce (= the resistance between the earth electrod e and the soil potential F E ) it is to be assured that the probe is set outside the poten tial gradient area of all connected earth electrod[...]

Earthing Resistance Principle of Operation 81 Earth Impedance (R*) on High Voltage Transmission Lines The earthings of transm ission line pyl ons are inte rconnected via t he overhead earth wire. This wire is not only ohmic. There is also inductivity and resistivity (L´, R´). For calculation of the short circuit curren t this impedance at line fr[...]

1625 Users Manual 82[...]